复合沉淀法制备光致发光材料SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy

研究了光致发光材料SrAl2O4：Eu，Dy的一种新的合成方法，首先利用复合沉淀法制备出该发光材料的前驱超细粉体，解决了固相混合中存在的组分不均匀性。然后将此前驱粉体在还原气氛下高温烧结，最终制得亮度高，余辉时间长的超细发光粉体材料，并对其发光性能进行了研究。通过软化学法制备发光粉体较高温固相法降低烧结温度200—300℃。     

溶胶-凝胶法低温合成Li_(2.06)Nb_(0.18)Ti_(0.76)O_3粉体

以五氧化二铌(Nb2O5)、一水氢氧化锂(LiOH·H2O)和钛酸四丁酯(Ti(C4H9O)4)为原料、柠檬酸为络合剂,通过调节pH值和温度,用溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)成功获得透明溶胶。经700℃煅烧,用化学法合成单相钛酸锂(Li2TiO3)固溶体相(Li2.06Nb0.18Ti0.76O3)粉体,其合成温度比普通固相法的低150℃左右。用红外光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)等表征柠檬酸盐前驱体及煅烧后粉体的性能,详细研究煅烧过程中晶相的转变过程,提出合理的转变机制。结果表明:在煅烧过程中,除Li2TiO3固溶体相外,还出现锐钛矿相TiO2和M相等中间相。随着温度进一步上升,这些中间相消失,最终在700℃得到纯Li2TiO3固溶体相。通过SEM可观察到结晶良好的棒状和块状Li2TiO3固溶体相粉体颗粒。分别研究采用sol-gel和固相法制备样品的烧结性能、显微结及介电性能,结果表明:采用sol-gel得到粉体制备的陶瓷具有特殊的大、小晶粒共存的两种Li2TiO3固溶体相的显微结构,在较低温度(825℃)即达到最大的体积密度3.456g/cm3。与固相法制备样品相比,sol-gel制备样品在同一频率的相对介电常数较小、介电损耗更低。     

超细氧化镁粉体的制备方法探讨

超细氧化镁粉体属于新型高功能精细无机材料。着重介绍了超细氧化镁粉体的制备方法(包括气相法、金属醇盐水解法、液相法、固相法、硬脂酸法)，对各方法的原理及优缺点作了详细的阐述。最后提出了硬脂酸法这一有前景的新工艺。     

不同方法合成掺杂ZnO粉体制备ZnO压敏电阻

分别采用低温固相化学法和共沉淀法合成掺杂ZnO粉体,并用这两种粉体在不同温度下烧结制备了ZnO压敏电阻。借助XRD、SEM、TEM、BET等检测手段对粉体产物的性能进行了表征,采用XRD、SEM等手段对ZnO压敏陶瓷的物相、结构进行了分析,并对两种方法制备的粉体及压敏电阻的性能进行了比较研究。结果表明:采用低温固相化学法合成的粉体平均粒径为23.95 nm,用其制备ZnO压敏电阻的最佳烧结温度是1 080℃,其电位梯度为791.64 V/mm,非线性系数是24.36;采用共沉淀法合成的粉体平均粒径为188 nm,用其制备ZnO压敏电阻的最佳烧结温度是1 130℃,其电位梯度为330.99 V/mm、非线性系数是19.70,低温固相化学法制备的ZnO压敏电阻性能优于共沉淀法制备的ZnO压敏电阻。     

高能球磨对YAG陶瓷制备的影响(英文)

通过高能球磨法处理Y2O3-Al2O3(yttrium aluminum garnet,YAG)混合粉体,对球磨产物进行煅烧、成型以及烧结,并对固相反应中的物相变化、YAG粉体形貌以及YAG陶瓷密度、力学性能及显微结构进行表征和分析,确定了最佳的球磨时间和粉体煅烧温度.研究表明:经过40h高能球磨,得到的球磨产物具有良好的活性.采用传统固相法制备的YAG粉体,需要在1 500℃煅烧,该方法处理的YAG粉体在1 200℃煅烧2 h,可以得到活性较高的YAG粉体,使粉体的煅烧温度下降了300℃.利用常压烧结在1 550℃烧结坯体2h,得到致密的YAG陶瓷,明显改善了YAG陶瓷制备技术.     

锆钛酸钡粉体制备的研究进展

锆钛酸钡(BZT)是一种重要的无机铁电材料,具有高介电常数、强介电非线性、不易疲劳和居里点可调等优点,可用于制作动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)、热释电红外探测器、介质移相器、压控滤波器、二次谐波发生器等元器件.因此,制备粒径小、化学均匀性好的锆钛酸钡粉体具有很重要的应用意义.目前,制备锆钛酸钡粉体的方法很多,主要介绍了固相法、溶胶-凝胶法、水热合成法、共沉淀法等国内外锆钛酸钡粉体的常见制备方法及其研究现状,并提出研究中需要解决的问题.     

锆钛酸钡钙(BCTZx)无铅压电陶瓷的制备及性能研究

采用固相反应法制备不同锆含量的锆钛酸钡钙(BCTZx)的粉体,然后通过常压固相烧结制备BCTZx陶瓷.利用扫描电子显微镜,X衍射分析仪,压电与介电测试仪测量粉体及陶瓷的形貌、相结构及电学性能.结果表明,在研究涉及的不同锆掺量内,体系均为单一的立方相结构,掺杂没有引起结构相的改变;BCTZ0.05陶瓷样品的致密度最大,压...     

TMAH表面吸附对SiC粉体及浆料流变性能研究

采用固相球磨工艺,研究四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)添加量及球磨过程对TMAH在SiC粉体表面吸附效果及浆料流变性的影响。TMAH在SiC粉体表面的吸附状况,采用总有机碳(TOC)间接测定粉体洗涤液中的有机物含量。实验结果表明:固相球磨工艺可有效提高TMAH在SiC粉体表面的吸附率,所制备浆料的固相含量高。TMAH添加量为2.0‰、球磨时间为4 h时所处理的SiC粉体Zeta电位最大(70.6 mV),浆料流变性、稳定性最好。     

超细氧化铬制备方法的研究进展

介绍了超细氧化铬粉体的用途、制备方法，着重介绍了超细氧化铬粉体近年来新的制备方法(包括微乳液法，溶胶-凝胶法，气体冷凝法，微波等离子法，激光诱导热解法，超临界流体脱溶法，机械化学法)及研究进展。分析了各种方法的利弊，以及以后的研究方向。     

纳米氧化铬制备方法研究进展

纳米氧化铬具有熔点高、硬度大、高耐磨、耐腐蚀等特点,是目前正在开发并具有广阔应用前景的纳米材料.综述了纳米氧化铬的各种制备方法,包括固相法(固相反应法、机械化学法)、液相法(微乳液法、溶胶-凝胶法、超临界流体脱溶法、辐射化学合成法、水热法、沉淀法)、气相法(气相冷凝法、化学气相沉积法、物理气相沉积法、激光诱导热解法),以及热喷涂法和相转移法,并对各种制备方法的优缺点进行了简单比较.概述了纳米氧化铬的发展趋势及应用前景.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。