基于快速成型蜡膜的K4002合金大型面盖板精铸工艺研究

摘要：激光烧结快速成型制备的平板或大型面类蜡模制壳后,在脱蜡过程中都会产生粉料体积膨胀,导致模壳开裂,铸件尺寸精度无法保证。盖板铸件属于大型面薄壁类铸件,轮廓尺寸达到350mm×260mm×10mm,型面圆弧最低点到两端连线之间的距离为23mm,采用快速成型蜡模进行生产,更加增大了精密铸造的难度。通过在盖板蜡模快速成型件上贴补低温蜡片,利用二者之间的熔点差和体积补贴,改善了因烧结粉料快速膨胀导致的模壳涨裂,保证了铸件的尺寸精度;通过采用合理的浇注系统、造型工艺及冶炼工艺参数,制备出冶金质量及尺寸精度均符合要求的铸件。     

Effect of pressure difference on the quality of titanium casting

In casting titanium using a two-compartment casting machine, Her? et al. (1993) reported that the pressure difference between the melting chamber and the mold chamber affected the soundness of the castings. This study tested the hypothesis that differences in pressure produce castings with various amounts of porosity and different mechanical properties values. Plastic dumbbell-shaped patterns were invested with an alumina-based, phosphate-bonded investment material. Both chambers of the casting machine were evacuated to 6 x 10(-2) torr; the argon pressure difference was then adjusted to either 50, 150, 300, or 450 torr. The porosity of the cast specimens was determined by x-ray radiography and quantitative image analysis. Tensile strength and elongation were measured by means of a universal testing machine at a strain rate of 1.7 x 10(-4)/s. The fractured surfaces were examined by SEM. Changes in Vickers hardness with depth from the cast surface were measured on polished cross-sections of the specimens. Raising the argon pressure difference to 300 and 450 torr caused a significant increase in internal porosity and a resultant decrease in the engineering tensile strength and elongation. The highest tensile strength (approximately 540 MPa), elongation (approximately 10%), bulk hardness (HV50g 209), and lowest porosity level (approximately 0.8%) occurred in the specimens cast at 150 torr. Turbulence of the metal during casting was thought to be responsible for the increase in porosity levels with the increase in argon pressure difference. By choosing an argon pressure difference (around 150 torr) suitable for this geometry, we could produce castings which have adequate mechanical properties and low porosity levels.     

Alloy shrinkage factors for the investment casting process

This study deals with the experimental measurements and numerical predictions of alloy shrinkage factors (SFs) related to the investment casting process. The dimensions of the A356 aluminum alloy casting were determined from the numerical simulation results of solidification, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and deformation phenomena. The investment casting process was carried out using wax patterns of unfilled wax and shell molds that were made of fused silica with a zircon prime coat. The dimensions of the die tooling, wax pattern, and casting were measured, in order to determine the actual tooling allowances. Several numerical simulations were carried out, to assess the level of accuracy for the casting shrinkage. The solid fraction threshold, at which the transition from the fluid dynamics to the solid dynamics occurs, was found to be important in predicting shrinkage factors (SFs). It was found that accurate predictions were obtained for all measured dimensions when the shell mold was considered a deformable material.     

A mold simulator for the continuous casting of steel: Part I. The development of a simulator

Surface defects, such as oscillation marks, ripples, and cracks that can be found on the surface of continuously cast steel, originate in the continuous casting mold. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of initial solidification behavior of steel in a continuous casting mold is necessary because it determines the surface quality of continuously cast slabs. In order to develop an understanding of the initial solidification of continuous cast steels, a “mold simulator” was designed and constructed to investigate heat-transfer phenomena during the initial phase of strand solidification. The mold simulator was used to obtain solidified steel shells of different grades of steel under conditions similar to those found in industrial casting operations. The resulting cast surface morphologies were compared with industrial slabs and were found to be in good agreement, indicating that it is possible to simulate the continuous casting process by a laboratory scale simulator.     

TiAl基合金的熔炼与铸造成形工艺研究现状

综述了TiAl基合金的发展现状,介绍了TiAl合金的铸锭熔炼工艺(主要有凝壳感应熔炼、真空电弧熔炼、等离子束熔炼、电子束熔炼)及将铸锭铸造成TiAl基合金的工艺方法(主要介绍了熔模精密铸造和金属型铸造)。最后总结了TiAl基合金熔炼与铸造工艺中需要解决的问题和今后研究的重点。     

Modeling the thin-slab continuous-casting mold

A three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to compute the thermomechanical state in the mold of thin-slab continuous casters. The thin-slab mold differs from those used in conventional slab casters in that the upper portion of the broad side walls defines a funnel-shaped chamber which allows the nozzle to be submerged into the liquid metal. The chamber converges with distance down the mold, reducing to the rectangular cross section of the finished casting near the mold exit. The new mold, along with casting speeds up to 6 m/min, allows slabs to be cast 50–60 mm thick, compared with 150 to 350 mm in conventional continuous slab casting. However, the mold shape and high casting speed lead to higher mold temperatures and shorter mold life than are found in conventional slab casters. In this article, we develop mathematical models of the process to determine the role of various process parameters in determining the mold life. Finite-element analysis is used to determine the temperatures in the mold and cast slab, and these data are then used in an elastic-viscoplastic analysis to investigate the deformation of the mold wall in service. Cyclic inelastic strains up to 1.75 Pct are found in a region below the meniscus along the funnel edge. These large strains result from the combination of locally high temperatures coupled with geometric restraint of the mold. The deformation leads to short mold life because of thermal fatigue cracking of the mold. The computed locations and time to failure of the mold in fatigue agree very well with observations of the appearance of mold surface cracks in an operating caster. The models are also used to develop an improved mold design. Formerly Research Assistant, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL     

The effect of potential investment expansion and hot strength on the fit of full-crown castings made with a gypsum-bonded investment

OBJECTIVES: It has been claimed that the strength of the investment mold at the casting temperature affects the dimensional accuracy of castings (e.g., Markley, 1953; Earnshaw, 1957; Asgar, 1972), but the relationship has not been studied quantitatively. In this investigation, the effects of both mold expansion and hot strength on the relative inaccuracy of full-crown castings have been measured and analyzed. The likelihood that a strong investment could cause distortion of the casting by non-uniform restriction of casting shrinkage (Earnshaw, 1969b) was also considered. METHODS: Castings were made with a commercial gypsum-bonded inlay investment, used both as supplied and with modifications that increased its expansion and reduced its hot strength. In both series of tests, the investments were used over a wide range of liquid/powder (L/P) ratios in casting rings fitted with dry ceramic liners, and set under dry conditions. RESULTS: Casting inaccuracy showed a significant linear correlation with total expansion and a highly significant linear correlation with the combination of total expansion and hot strength. The modified investment, with its low hot strength, gave less distortion of casting shape than did the much stronger unmodified material. However, it was found that to ensure sound castings, the hot compressive strength should not be less than 1.8MPa. SIGNIFICANCE: This investigation showed that while investment expansion is the major variable affecting casting inaccuracy, hot strength is an important modifying factor which also has to be considered when predicting casting inaccuracy from measured properties of the investment.     

Influence of mold length and mold heat transfer on horizontal continuous casting of nonferrous alloy rods

The influence of mold length and mold heat transfer on the conventional hot-top D.C. continuous casting process was studied through numerical simulations and experiments with horizontally cast 20 mm diameter lead and zinc rods. The minimum casting speed was found to be a nonlinear function of the mold length. For short molds, an inverse relationship between mold length and minimum casting speed was observed. However, the minimum casting speed for zinc cast from molds longer than 12 mm was constant at 2.5 mm/s. For lead cast in molds longer than 12 mm, the minimum observed casting speed was constant at 4.0 mm/s. The observed nonlinear relationship between minimum casting speed and mold length was predicted using a numerical model of the process. For this, an analytical expression for the mold boundary conditions was derived which included the influence of gas gap formation between the rod and the mold due to thermoelastic deformations of both the rod and the mold. Correlation between observed and predicted behavior was demonstrated for both the lead and zinc rods. Maximum casting speed was observed to increase with increased mold length; however, this speed was found to be critically dependent on process attributes such as mold and pinch wheel alignment and mold lubrication.     

Experimental study on fitness of one-piece casting osseointegrated implant frameworks with relation to fixture abutment positions

An experiment on fitness of one-piece casting osseointegrated implant frameworks was performed among three fixture abument positions where other conditions were controlled. The result revealed that there was statistically significant differences in dimensional change among the three fixture abument positions. In terms of the relation between abument position and fitness, the more backward the abument position was, the worse the osseointegrated framework fitness was. The frameworks showed deformations in "arch form" and "warp" in three dimensions.     

Influence of mold length and mold heat transfer on horizontal continuous casting of nonferrous alloy rods

The influence of mold length and mold heat transfer on the conventional hot-top D.C. continuous casting process was studied through numerical simulations and experiments with horizontally cast 20 mm diameter lead and zinc rods. The minimum casting speed was found to be a nonlinear function of the mold length. For short molds, an inverse relationship between mold length and minimum casting speed was observed. However, the minimum casting speed for zinc cast from molds longer than 12 mm was constant at 2.5 mm/s. For lead cast in molds longer than 12 mm, the minimum observed casting speed was constant at 4.0 mm/s. The observed nonlinear relationship between minimum casting speed and mold length was predicted using a numerical model of the process. For this, an analytical expression for the mold boundary conditions was derived which included the influence of gas gap formation between the rod and the mold due to thermoelastic deformations of both the rod and the mold. Correlation between observed and predicted behavior was demonstrated for both the lead and zinc rods. Maximum casting speed was observed to increase with increased mold length; however, this speed was found to be critically dependent on process attributes such as mold and pinch wheel alignment and mold lubrication. Formerly Research Assistant, University of Waterloo     

开合式水冷模铸异形坯轧制H型钢研究

为了解决轧制H型钢所用坯料与多规格、小批量的市场需求的矛盾，提供一种经济的供坯方法，开发了开合式水冷模铸异形坯技术。生产实践证明，用开合式水冷模铸异形坯轧制凸缘断面型钢，比连铸异形坯和矩形坯更适应多品种、小批量的要求，型钢厂可获得巨大的经济效益。异形坯的表面和内部质量高于模铸坯，生产成本低于连铸异形坯，生产线建设费用是连铸异形坯的5％以下。     

A laboratory evaluation of the construction of resin-bonded cast restorations

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of two construction techniques and two pattern materials on the fit of resin-bonded cast restorations. DESIGN: In-vitro study carried out by one operator. SETTING: Postgraduate university hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 65 nickel-chrome castings were constructed using refractory die and lift-off techniques with wax and acrylic resin pattern material. They were cemented onto master silver dies, embedded in self-curing acrylic resin and sectioned along their long axes. Interfacial distance between the master silver die and casting was measured. RESULTS: A significant different between the range of figures in each group (Mann-Whitney Test, P < 0.01) was found. Construction techniques can be ranked in order of fit of castings: 1. Refractory die, wax patterns: 42.6 microns (SD 12.03). 2. Refractory die, acrylic resin patterns: 53.7 microns (SD.16.06).3. Conventional technique, acrylic resin patterns: 85.5 microns (SD 31.62). 4. Lift-off technique, wax patterns: 139 microns (SD 53.15).5. Lift-off technique, acrylic patterns: 172.8 microns (SD 74.04). CONCLUSIONS: Castings constructed using refractory die technique and subsequently cemented resulted in a more accurate and less variable fit than those produced with the lift-off technique. Wax patterns lead to more accurate castings than acrylic resin and locating indentations may interfere with the cementation of castings when lift-off techniques are used.     

Q355R连铸坯表面微裂纹研究

摘要：裂纹是影响连铸坯质量的主要缺陷,其成因和影响因素复杂众多。针对Q355R连铸坯表面微裂纹,在铸坯典型裂纹处采用金相观察、扫描电镜、能谱进行表征,进一步分析其形成机制,进而对连铸工艺进行优化改进。结果表明,铸坯表面的微小裂纹,其形貌不同于传统的网状星形裂纹和横裂纹,裂纹端主要为钝口且无延伸端,个别裂纹上端存在微裂纹细线,裂纹端呈“针”状且有延伸段。微裂纹主要成因是由结晶器卷渣、钢水二次氧化、钢水过热度大以及在连铸机弯曲和矫直区域外部应力共同作用所导致。通过对水口结构优化,改善结晶器流场,减弱结晶器卷渣,以及对连铸工艺优化,使铸坯表面微裂纹得到了有效控制。     

高强度铝铜合金ZL205A复杂支座铸件铸造工艺

介绍高强ＺＬ２０５Ａ合金铸造特性,分析高强复杂铝铜合金支座铸件结构特点和工艺特性及支座铸件铸造工艺。结果表明：直浇道、横浇道和内浇道最小截面比取１：３：５,设计带缓冲结构的缝内浇口,可保证合金液平衡快速充型;有效利用石墨砂芯和冷铁的激冷作用,并与冒口相配合,可扩大温度梯度,改善冷却条件,增加顺序凝固趋势,保证铸件内部质量;对向双包浇注,可减少热量损失,使铸件体热量分布合理;设计准确稳定的砂芯定位,     

Investigation of surface roughness of aluminium solid mould investment castings

Solid investment moulds are used for precious or non-precious metals and alloys castings, the most common application areas are dental prosthesis and jewellery fabrications. Investment casting is known for high dimensional accuracy and smooth surface finish. Casting of ultra-thin sections and small complex parts require vacuum assisted or centrifugal filling. In this study, solid investment casting of aluminium has been tried and surface quality of the castings was investigated. Specially designed steppedwedge surface roughness specimens were produced with A413 aluminium alloy casting into gypsum bonded solid moulds. Casting operations were carried out in two ways; the first only with gravitational force and the second with vacuum assistance. Surface roughness of as cast specimens were measured, effects of section thickness, vacuum assistance and location of the pattern on the wax tree were determined.     

Improvement of Castability and Surface Quality of Continuously Cast TWIP Slabs by Molten Mold Flux Feeding Technology

An innovative continuous casting process named POCAST (POSCO’s advanced CASting Technology) was developed based on molten mold flux feeding technology to improve both the productivity and the surface quality of cast slabs. In this process, molten mold flux is fed into the casting mold to enhance the thermal insulation of the meniscus and, hence, the lubrication between the solidifying steel shell and the copper mold. Enhancement of both the castability and the surface quality of high-aluminum advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) slabs is one of the most important advantages when the new process has been applied into the commercial continuous casting process. A trial cast of TWIP steel has been carried out using a 10-ton scale pilot caster and 100-ton scale and 250-ton scale commercial casters. The amount of mold flux consumption was more than 0.2 kg/m² in the new process, which is much larger than that in the conventional powder casting. Trial TWIP castings at both the pilot and the plant caster showed stable mold performances such as mold heat transfer. Also, cast slabs showed periodic/sound oscillation marks and little defects. The successful casting of TWIP steel has been attributed to the following characteristics of POCAST: dilution of the reactant by increasing the slag pool depth, enlargement of channel for slag film infiltration at meniscus by elimination of the slag bear, and decrease of apparent viscosity of the mold slag at meniscus by increasing the slag temperature.     

Experimental Determination of Heat Transfer Across the Metal/Mold Gap in a Direct Chill (DC) Casting Mold��Part I: Effect of Gap Size and Mold Gas Type

An experimental apparatus to determine the heat-transfer coefficient in the gap formed between the cast metal and the mold wall of a vertical direct chill (DC) casting mold is described. The apparatus simulates the conditions existing within the confines of the DC casting mold and measures the heat flux within the gap. Measurements were made under steady-state conditions, simulating the steady-state regime of the DC casting process. A range of casting parameters that may affect the heat transfer was tested using this apparatus. In the current article, the operation of the apparatus is described along with the results for the effect of gas type within the mold, and the size of the metal-mold gap formed during casting. The results show that the gas type and the gap size significantly affect the heat transfer within a DC casting mold. The measured heat fluxes for all the conditions tested were expressed as a linear correlation between the heat-transfer coefficient and the metal-mold gap size, and the fluxes can be used to estimate the heat transfer between the metal and the mold at any gap size. These results are compared to values reported in the literature and recommendations are made for the future reporting of the metal/mold heat-transfer coefficient for DC casting. The results for the effect of the other parameters tested are described in Part II of the article.     

A Simple Model of the Mold Boundary Condition in Direct-Chill (DC) Casting of Aluminum Alloys

An accurate thermofluids model of aluminum direct-chill (DC) casting must solve the heat-transfer equations in the ingot with realistic external boundary conditions. These boundary conditions are typically separated into two zones: primary cooling, which occurs inside the water-cooled mold, and secondary cooling, where a film of water contacts the ingot surface directly. Here, a simple model for the primary cooling boundary condition of the steady-state DC casting process was developed. First, the water-cooled mold was modeled using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package, and its effective heat-transfer coefficient was determined. To predict the air-gap formation between the ingot and mold and to predict its effect on the primary cooling, a simple density-based shrinkage model of the solidifying shell was developed and compared with a more complex three-dimensional (3-D) thermoelastic model. DC casting simulations using these two models were performed for AA3003 and AA4045 aluminum alloys at two different casting speeds. A series of experiments was also performed using a laboratory-scale rectangular DC caster to measure the thermal history and sump shape of the DC cast ingots. Comparisons between the simulations and experimental results suggested that both models provide good agreement for the liquid sump profiles and the temperature distributions within the ingot. The density-based shrinkage model, however, is significantly easier to implement in a CFD code and is more computationally efficient.     

W9高速钢的电磁连续铸造研究

 研究了W9高速钢的电磁连续铸造工艺和铸坯的凝固组织特征,并与普通的模铸高速钢中共晶碳化物的类型和分布情况进行了比较,测定了在不同制备条件下高速钢莱氏体网的厚度和凝固冷却速度。结果表明：电磁连续铸造得到的高速钢铸坯表面光滑、振痕轻微、外观形状规整、内部组织致密无缺陷,莱氏体网明显变薄,晶粒明显细化;M2C和MC型碳化物的析出量增多,M6C型碳化物的析出量减少,合金碳化物变得细小、均匀和弥散;铸坯边部的凝固冷却速度为3.4×104 K/s,r/2处为6.5×103 K/s,心部为3.9×102 K/s,冶金质量明显优于普通模铸。