寿阳和柿庄区块煤储层压裂效果及其影响机理分析

通过分析寿阳和柿庄区块携砂液阶段的压力曲线类型,对压裂效果进行了评价,创新性地对携砂液阶段的砂比曲线类型进行了划分,揭示出压力曲线类型与砂比曲线类型之间普遍存在的统计对应关系,以此为基础,考虑地应力类型、煤岩与围岩力学性质及应力差异多因素,分析了煤储层压裂效果影响机理。研究表明:①压力曲线可划分为下降、稳定、上升和波动4种类型,是评价压裂效果的直接依据;②砂比曲线可划分为连续和断续两种类型,发现压力曲线类型与砂比曲线类型之间存在普遍的统计对应关系,其成因机制为:在弱挤压应力井层(正常应力场),在携砂液阶段早期垂直压裂缝扩展路径选择过程中,易出现砂堵,多形成断续型砂比曲线,随后,若满足垂直压裂缝压开顶底板临界条件,则垂直压裂缝垂向扩展压开顶底板,即逐层压开顶底板不同岩性层,易出现波动型压力曲线。若不满足垂直压裂缝压开顶底板临界条件,则垂直压裂缝被限制在煤层内侧向扩展,易出现稳定型、下降型和上升型不同类型的压力曲线;③与柿庄区块相比,寿阳区块出现断续型砂比曲线和波动型压力曲线占比的双高现象,整体压裂效果较差,其根本的地质因素是该区块的应力状态决定多数井层发育压开顶底板的垂直压裂缝,为无效造缝,使得压裂效果不佳;④砂比曲线可作为预警曲线,若砂比曲线为断续型,且压力曲线开始出现上升或波动,预期压裂效果差,可考虑提前终止压裂。     

沁水盆地柿庄区块煤层气井排采动态诊断方法

受多因素影响,煤层气井的排采动态具有复杂多变的特点,对煤层气井的排采动态进行诊断,有助于煤层气开发井层优选和压裂方案制定。以均匀分布在柿庄区块的单采3号煤层的30口煤层气井的静态地质资料和排采动态资料为基础,通过单井典型日产水量和典型日产气量指标提取和气水产出关系分析,从井筒和压裂煤层系统封闭性的角度,讨论高产水的外源成因,进而提出单井排采动态层次诊断方法,并通过实例分析进行验证。研究表明,柿庄区块煤层气井产气与产水之间存在负向包络而非简单的相关关系,高产水对产气有明显的抑制作用;断裂和压裂缝沟通含水层是造成柿庄区块部分煤层气井高产水及井间排采动态差异的重要原因;"一看断裂,二看压裂缝类型,三看岩性组合"的单井排采动态层次诊断方法,在柿庄区块单井实例分析中得到验证,该方法具有一定的普适性,可推广应用到其他煤层气区块的单井排采动态诊断分析中。     

沁南-郑庄区块深部煤层气“临界深度”探讨

基于沁南—郑庄区块35层次煤层气井注入/压降及地应力实测数据,系统分析了郑庄区块地应力垂向变化规律,并在此基础上探讨了煤储层渗透性、含气性、气水产出垂向差异性演化,揭示了郑庄地区深部煤层气界限。郑庄区块地应力状态在垂向上发生转换:575 m以浅,σHσvσh,表现为大地动力场,现今地应力状态为压缩状态;575 m~675 m,水平主应力较浅部有所降低(σH≈σvσh),表现为准静水压力场,现今地应力状态为过渡状态(由压缩状态过渡为拉张状态);675~825 m以深,σvσHσh,表现为大地静力场型,现今地应力状态为拉张状态;825 m以深,σHσvσh,现今地应力状态为压缩状态。煤储层试井渗透率随埋深的变化与地应力场状态的转变基本一致,其实质是地应力作用下煤体孔隙结构的变形与破坏;含气量与埋深之间存在一个"临界深度"范围(800~1 000 m),超过此埋深范围之后煤层含气量随埋深增大而趋于降低。整体来说,825m以深煤层气资源处于地应力转换状态和(或)含气量"临界深度"之下,其赋存和开发地质条件发生转换,气体采收率相对较低,属于深部煤层气范畴。该埋深(825 m)以下煤层气开发将面临"低渗透率、低含气量、高地应力"的挑战。     

沁水盆地柿庄南区块地质因素对煤层气井压裂效果的影响

在煤层气开发过程中,地质条件不仅是煤层气开采的先决条件和地质保障,也直接影响了水力压裂施工,从而影响煤层气井的产能。以沁水盆地柿庄南区块施工参数相近的34口煤层气井为例,从地应力条件、煤体结构和煤层顶底板岩性组合3个方面具体分析了地质因素对煤层气井水力压裂效果的影响,进而对研究区压裂效果进行评价。结果表明:三向地应力的大小关系控制裂缝的延伸方向和缝长,煤体结构类型决定能否形成有效裂缝,煤层顶底板砂岩、泥岩厚度及比例影响裂缝能否穿透隔水层。应力比越小、水平主应力差系数越大、煤层中原生结构煤比例越高、煤层顶底板的泥岩隔水层厚度及比例越大,水力压裂效果越好,煤层气井的平均日产气量也越高。综合上述3方面地质因素,研究区中部地区具有易发育垂直裂缝的地应力特征,且煤层的原生结构煤比例和顶底板泥岩比例高,最有利于水力压裂裂缝的形成与延伸,该区域为水力压裂的优选区域。其次为南部及西南部地区,地应力和顶底板条件较好,但煤体结构破坏程度相对较大。研究区北部、东北部及东南部区域由于煤体结构破坏程度大、顶底板封闭性差等因素,在进行水力压裂时应尽量规避。建议在对煤层气井进行水力压裂时应根据煤层气井的地质条件进行压裂方案设计。     

基于围岩变形破坏特征的煤矿地应力场主应力方向预测方法

地应力场是煤层渗透性优势发育方位重要影响因素,准确获取地应力场主应力方向信息可以为煤矿瓦斯抽采工程设计与煤层气井网布置提供理论指导。系统总结了巷道变形破坏特征与地应力场类型、井下应力痕迹特征与地应力场最大水平主应力方向之间关系,提出了利用围岩变形破坏特征预测煤矿区地应力场主应力方向的方法。在焦作古汉山矿进行了现场应用,预测矿井地应力场为σH>σv>σh型、地应力场最大主应力方向应为NE向,预测结果与地应力实测结果基本吻合,证明了该方法有效性。     

长平矿地应力场特征及巷道布置合理性分析

为确定长平矿大采高综采工作面巷道布置的合理性,利用小孔径水力压裂技术对大采高综采区域进行地应力测量。结果表明:该区域属于中等应力值区,应力场类型为σHσvσh型应力场,侧压比平均为1.2,构造应力占绝对优势,属于典型的构造应力场类型,由此确定巷道布置的最佳轴线方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地柳林地区煤储层地应力场特征及其对裂隙的控制作用

为系统研究柳林地区煤储层地应力场展布及其对裂隙的控制作用,分析不同埋深煤层与地应力的关系,采用水力致裂法获取了地应力资料。通过统计分析,建立了主采煤层地应力与煤层埋藏深度之间的相关关系模型,分析了露头节理、煤层割理与现今地应力方向的耦合关系。研究表明:柳林地区最大水平主应力σmax为7.33~30.83 MPa,平均19.41 MPa,最小水平主应力σmin为6.50~24.00 MPa,平均13.12 MPa,主应力随埋深增大而线性增高。在埋深400~700 m,垂直应力σv≈σmax≈σmin,地层呈现准静水压力场特点;在700~850 m,σmaxσvσmin,为大地动力场型,水平方向主应力占主导地位;在850~1 100 m,σvσmaxσmin,为大地静力场型,仍未进入明显压缩带。水力压裂地应力检测表明现今主应力方向与煤层裂隙方向相近,以NNE向为主,地应力方向在割理形成后未发生明显改变。     

煤储层天然裂隙系统对水力压裂裂缝扩展形态的影响分析

煤储层压裂改造过程中,天然裂隙系统对压裂裂缝的开启和延展具有重要影响。通过对沁水盆地寺河、成庄和新元煤矿21口地面煤层气井的井下精细解剖,描述并统计了天然裂隙系统和压裂裂缝形态及类型,并阐明了二者之间的作用关系。结果表明,煤储层中天然裂隙系统根据成因和规模分为层面裂隙、外生节理、气胀节理、内生裂隙、层理裂隙和微裂隙,且按照裂隙规模和导流能力将其分为4个级别。井下观测的压裂支撑裂缝主要与规模较大的一级天然层面裂隙和外生节理有关,伴生次级天然裂隙对压裂裂缝的扩展影响较小。压裂裂缝主要形态包括垂直裂缝、水平裂缝、"T"型和倒"T"型裂缝、"工"型裂缝等4种,其中,水平压裂裂缝受顶底板和煤层间层面裂隙、宏观煤岩类型间层面裂隙以及构造煤分层的控制。垂直压裂裂缝扩展方向具有选择性,受最大主应力和天然裂隙的共同作用,研究区的最大主应力方向与天然裂隙优势方位间的夹角小于临界夹角,因此垂直压裂裂缝主要沿着煤层外生节理扩展。"T"型和倒"T"型裂缝、"工"型裂缝等复合压裂裂缝形态还受到煤层结构和煤体结构等的共同制约。此外,考虑到天然裂隙对煤岩强度的影响,提出压裂裂缝启裂方向为地应力与煤岩结合力之和最小值的方向。     

柿庄南区块煤层气井排采阶段管理

柿庄南区块作为中联煤层气公司在沁南盆地产能扩建的主力区块,区块地质构造简单,煤变质程度高,煤层分布广泛且埋深适中,经过3年多的建设形成一定规模。煤层气井的产出机理与常规天然气藏有较大区别,通过多口生产井开发排采曲线的统计分析,煤层气井产出的阶段性较为明显,为了达到最大化释放产能的目的,对煤层气解吸机理和阶段性划分形成了一些认识,力求实现煤层气产出阶段的精细化排采。     

煤层气资源可动用性定性/半定量评价方法研究

煤层气资源可动用性是指由煤层水文地质条件和煤层压裂改造条件共同决定的煤层气资源开发动用的难易程度,煤层气资源可动用性评价与煤层气储集条件评价构成煤层气资源可采性评价的两个重要方面。通过沁水盆地柿庄区块和寿阳区块排采效果差异的分析对比,从煤系地层含水性、断裂构造、地应力状态和煤层与围岩的岩性组合4个方面深入讨论煤层气资源可动用性的评价问题,进而提出煤层气资源可动用性定性/半定量评价方法。研究表明:煤系地层的含水性对区块整体的煤层气资源可动用性影响很大;断裂的天然水力连通作用降低了井筒-压裂煤层系统的封闭性,导致断裂附近的煤层气资源可动用性弱,且煤系地层含水性越强,断裂附近煤层气井高产水的风险就越大,煤层气资源的可动用性就越弱;煤层所处的地应力状态和围岩的岩性组合共同构成井层煤层气资源可动用性的客观条件,地应力状态影响人工压裂缝的方位,对可动用性产生重要影响,而煤层与围岩的岩性组合客观上决定煤层气的可动用性,但结合应力状态、水平应力强度和压裂规模的综合分析,才能做出更科学的判断。煤层气资源的可动用性评价方法基于层次分析的思想,综合考虑了煤系地层含水性、断裂、地应力状态和煤层与围岩岩性组合4个方面,可应用于煤层气选区评价和井层优选。     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent material industry

<正>Rare earth luminescent material is one of the most important application sectors of rare earths.China enjoys the exceptional advantage to develop rare earth luminescent material for its abundant rare earth resources.After several decades'endeavor,China's rare earth luminescent material industry,headed by rare earth phosphor for lamp and LED and high efficient rare earth energy-saving light source,has been gradually developed into a scale industry.China has become a major production base of rare earth phosphor for lamps and rare earth     

China rare earth market review

正June 1~10,2014Rare earth market remained weak.Quoted price of rare earth products was similar to that in May.There was no sign of recovery in downstream market.The market of NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphor was depressed.Catalyst,polishing powder and ceramic industries remained inactive.Demand from downstream industry was soft.Consumers purchased on their needs.Suppliers had strong intention to sell.Prices of rare earth products     

Annual Report analysis of Chinese rare earth-related listed companies in 2013

<正>Chinese rare earth-related listed companies have published their 2013 annual reports.It can be understood from their reports that production and operation activities of Chinese rare earth-related companies were still heavily affected by macro economy and industrial policies.They basically followed the steps of national economy.In 2013,world economy recovered slowly but the economy     

Market opportunities and challenges for rare earth polishing powder

正1.Status of rare earth polishing powder Rare earth polishing powder with high content of cerium oxide began to replace iron oxide for glass polishing and became one of the key materials in glass polishing process since 1940.Compared with traditional iron oxide,rare earth polishing powder has many advantages,such as fast polishing rate,high polishing quality and long service life.It can achieve good surface quality and improve operation conditions.For example,in lens polishing,the polishing work that cerium     

Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths developed a new RE alloy preparation technology

正Pyrometallurgy Laboratory of Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths had independently developed a new preparation technology of rare earth alloy for NdFeB.The alloy can remarkably enhance the coercivity of NdFeB magnet but also evidently reduce the production cost of the magnet.The new master alloy was prepared in the kA pilot-scale electrolytic cell by the independent technology.The rare earth master alloy can be used as the raw material for NdFeB.Compared     

China rare earth market review

正November 21~30,2014Due to weak demand from downstream industries,transactions of rare earth in Chinese domestic market were inactive.It was difficult to sell any rare earth products except for dysprosium oxide and terbium oxide.Suppliers lost confidence in recent market.Demand for rare earth products was soft.Consumers continued to take a wait-and-see attitude.Rare earth export market remained slow.     

Galaxy Magnets achieved the net profit of 34.02 million yuan in the first six months of 2014

正Galaxy Magnet announced its financial results for the first half of 2014 on August 14.For the first six months ended on 30 June 2014,Galaxy Magnet achieved operation income of RMB 182.3 million,up8.40% over the same period of 2013,and the net profit attributable to the shareholders of the listed company of 34.02 million yuan,increasing 35.49% over the same period of last year.Stable performance increase was led by development of new customers and application market of magnets.     

Rare Earth Application in Steel in China

<正>China has rich rare earth resources.Output of rare earth and steel in China ranks the top first in the world.However,there is still certain distance between the steel produced in China and developed countries from the point of varieties and quality.China still has to import some types of steel.Improving the quality should be emphasiZed in future development of steel industry in China.Rare earth can be used to upgrade traditional steel     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent materialindustry(continued)

<正>Developing ecological lighting source The world is facing the big problem of energy shortage today and the contradiction between economy development and environmental protection is worsened.Therefore,people are more likely to choose an ecological light source that is more energy efficient and environmental friendly.The choice provides great opportunity for the development of rare earth optical material industry in China.The concept of green lighting positions rare earth luminescent material as a leading player in illumination market.The light source of both rare earth luminescent lamp and LED lamp is ecological and energy saving.This is why     

稀散金属产业的观察与思考

分析了近年来国内外稀散金属产业的生产、应用、资源与市场状况.铟锡氧化物靶材、砷化镓晶片、锗红外材料、铼高温合金和硒在电解锰及玻璃的应用等已成为稀散金属的主要应用领域.稀散金属的产量快速增长达到历史高位而导致了市场的失衡.以GaInP_2/GaAs/Ge,CIGS和CdTe为代表的非硅系太阳能电池是稀散金属的新兴应用领域,将给稀散金属带来日益增长的需求.