利用白光扫描干涉测量表面微观形貌

由于激光显微干涉只能测量表面微观形貌的相对高度值,不能进行绝对测量,本文提出了白光显微干涉测量方法,研制了测量仪器,并对CCD像素格值和PZT进行了标定.该仪器以白光干涉理论为基础,利用空间频域算法计算白光干涉图零级条纹中心位置,根据零级条纹中心移动量来得到被测工件表面微观形貌.对被测工件表面进行了测试,试验结果表明:...     

一种可溯源原子力探针显微镜

研制了一种基于白光干涉的可溯源原子力探针扫描显微镜,提出了一种稳健的白光干涉零级条纹定位算法,建立了一套高分辨激光干涉位移测量系统。在此基础上提出了一种探针标定方法,实现微纳表面可溯源测量。通过对台阶高度为(21.4±1.5)nm的标准光栅进行10次重复测量,其结果的平均值为21.56 nm,标准差为0.51 nm;同时对高度为150 nm的三维特征样件进行了三维测量,验证了所研制仪器测量的准确性和稳定性。     

白光干涉测量系统的测量不确定度评定

白光干涉测量系统(white-light interference system, WLIS)广泛用于微纳米表面形貌的精密测量,其测量不确定度评定是研究白光干涉测量系统计量特性的一项重要工作。基于微纳米线间隔和台阶,建立了WLIS测量表面形貌时的测量模型,明确了测量不确定度来源;以5000nm的线间隔和180nm的台阶高度为例,利用WLIS进行了测量,并分析WLIS的测量重复性、光学组件特性、传感器特性、运动模块性能、测试方法及环境等因素产生的不确定度分量,最终评定该WLIS测量线间隔和台阶高度的合成测量不确定度分别为21nm和0.4nm。对WLIS的不确定度评定确保了其测量结果的准确性、溯源性,并提出了提高系统整体计量特性的途径。     

基于白光透射反射干涉的形貌重构方法验证

利用扫描白光干涉的测量方法,通过透射反射干涉的方式,对覆盖不同层数透明薄膜GaAs台阶结构进行透射测试,实现了对覆盖透明薄膜的GaAs台阶结构三维形貌还原方法的验证.该测量方法是在Pizeo的驱动下,通过改变测量臂和参考臂之间的光程差,使其不同高度的表面到达零光程差位置,并由CCD记录整个扫描过程中干涉条纹的变化状况,进而提取被测件的三维形貌信息.该测试技术具有非接触、无破损、高灵敏度和快速测量的特点.可为膜后形貌的三维重构提供借鉴方法.     

基于白光干涉的空间频域算法研究

为了精确定位白光干涉条纹的零光程差位置,采用空间频域算法通过傅里叶变换提取白光干涉信号中心波长的相位信息并结合包络中心算法去除相位模糊从而实现零光程定位.实例测量了具有相位突变的计算全息元件的表面轮廓,其平均刻蚀深度为1.63 μm.测量表面形貌连续分布的微透镜阵列,0.32 mm×0.32 mm视场内表面PV为370...     

芯片表面形貌检测方法及系统研制

传统检测方法由于测量范围小、测量时间长,不能满足在线、在机和大幅面的检测需求,本文提出了一种白光扫描干涉和原子力显微测量相结合的芯片表面形貌测量方法。在分析了白光扫描干涉测量技术和原子力显微测量技术特点的基础上,构建了两种方法互补的测量方案：首先采用白光扫描干涉测量技术对芯片进行大范围快速扫描,再通过原子力显微测量技术对关键区域进行精细扫描检测。基于此进行了测量系统的硬件设计与集成,测试结果表明,该系统能够在毫米级检测范围内实现纳米级表面形貌的精确测量。     

基于白光相移干涉术的微结构几何尺寸表征

将Carré等步长相移法与白光垂直扫描相结合形成了一种白光等步长相移算法,该方法快速、准确、非接触,垂直分辨力可达亚纳米级.测量系统集成了Mirau显微干涉物镜,并通过高精度压电陶瓷纳米定位器带动物镜进行垂直扫描.分析了Carré法应用于白光干涉信号的相位提取的精度,对不同扫描步距以及不同信噪比情况下的测量进行了计算机仿真,确定了测量参数.结合重心法将相位计算的数据范围直接定位于干涉信号的零级条纹,从而省去了相位解包裹过程.通过对微谐振器和标准台阶的测量说明了该方法的有效性,并使用白光相移干涉、白光垂直扫描和单色光相移干涉对44 nm标准台阶进行了测量,并对测量结果进行了比较.     

基于白光干涉测量技术的微器件三维形貌重构

垂直扫描法可以重构微系统中微纳结构的表面形貌, 更适合具有台阶结构的微纳结构, 其分辨率高、解算速度快、精度较高. 本文利用基于白光干涉技术的垂直扫描法, 对微器件的台阶形貌在微系统测试仪下所得的干涉图进行分析, 并重构台阶结构的表面形貌, 微系统测试仪所取的干涉图符合垂直扫描法的要求, 即光强峰值附近没有达到饱和, 得出了清晰的三维形貌图, 解算出的台阶高度和实际台阶高度一致, 其横向分辨率为 1.6 μm, 纵向分辨率为 0.05 μm.     

基于干涉显微原理的表面形貌测量系统

根据光学干涉显微法原理,设计开发了一套微纳结构表面形貌测量系统.该系统采用林尼克干涉显微镜,通过参考镜扫描的方法将扫描器与相移器集为一体,分别采用五步相移算法和基于采样定理的包络均方函数(SEST)算法实现相移干涉法(PSI)和垂直扫描干涉法(VSI)两种模式对微纳结构的表面形貌测量.为验证该系统性能,采用标准多刻线样板和标准台阶作为样件对VSI 和PSI 两种模式分别进行了测量实验.结果证明,该系统能够完成微纳结构表面形貌的快速精确测量,可以满足微电子、微机电系统中微纳结构的表面形貌测量要求.     

白光相移干涉中频谱对测量精度的影响

在相移干涉中有时采用白光干涉来扩大深度测量范围,白光光源的使用,缩短了光束的相干长度,降低了测量精度。本文从干涉理论出发推导了白光相移干涉法测量三维表面形貌的计算公式,通过数值积分的方法分析了干涉光频谱对测量精度的影响。分析表明,在白光相移干涉测量中表面形貌的测量精度与中心波长和频谱宽度有关,白光频谱越宽,测量精度越低,中心波长越大,测量精度越高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.