基于分割导向滤波的亚像素精度立体匹配视差优化算法*

针对局部立体匹配中存在的弱纹理区域匹配精度较低、斜面等区域容易产生视差阶梯效应等问题,文中提出基于分割导向滤波的视差优化算法,以获得亚像素级高精度匹配视差.首先依据左右一致性准则对立体匹配的初始视差进行误匹配检验及均值滤波修正.然后在修正视差图上确定区域分割导向图,对修正视差进行区域导向滤波优化,获得亚像素级高精度的视差结果.实验表明,文中算法能有效改善斜面等区域的视差不平滑现象,降低初始视差的误匹配率,获得较高精度的稠密视差结果.     

Adaptive disparity computation using local and non-local cost aggregations

A new method is proposed to adaptively compute the disparity of stereo matching by choosing one of the alternative disparities from local and non-local disparity maps. The initial two disparity maps can be obtained from state-of-the-art local and non-local stereo algorithms. Then, the more reasonable disparity is selected. We propose two strategies to select the disparity. One is based on the magnitude of the gradient in the left image, which is simple and fast. The other utilizes the fusion move to combine the two proposal labelings (disparity maps) in a theoretically sound manner, which is more accurate. Finally, we propose a texture-based sub-pixel refinement to refine the disparity map. Experimental results using Middlebury datasets demonstrate that the two proposed selection strategies both perform better than individual local or non-local algorithms. Moreover, the proposed method is compatible with many local and non-local algorithms that are widely used in stereo matching.     

改进的跨尺度引导滤波立体匹配算法

作为双目三维重建中的关键步骤,双目立体匹配算法完成了从平面视觉到立体视觉的转化.但如何平衡双目立体匹配算法的运行速度和精度仍然是一个棘手的问题.本文针对现有的局部立体匹配算法在弱纹理、深度不连续等特定区域匹配精度低的问题,并同时考虑到算法实时性,提出了一种改进的跨多尺度引导滤波的立体匹配算法.首先融合AD和Census变换两种代价计算方法,然后采用基于跨尺度的引导滤波进行代价聚合,在进行视差计算时通过制定一个判断准则判断图像中每一个像素点的最小聚合代价对应的视差值是否可靠,当判断对应的视差值不可靠时,对像素点构建基于梯度相似性的自适应窗口,并基于自适应窗口修正该像素点对应的视差值.最后通过视差精化得到最终的视差图.在Middlebury测试平台上对标准立体图像对的实验结果表明,与传统基于引导滤波器的立体匹配算法相比具有更高的精度.     

根据灰度值信息自适应窗口的半全局匹配

目的 立体匹配算法是立体视觉研究的关键点,算法的匹配精度和速度直接影响3维重建的效果。对于传统立体匹配算法来说,弱纹理区域、视差深度不连续区域和被遮挡区域的匹配精度依旧不理想,为此选择具有全局匹配算法和局部匹配算法部分优点、性能介于两种算法之间、且鲁棒性强的半全局立体匹配算法作为研究内容,提出自适应窗口与半全局立体匹配算法相结合的改进方向。方法 以通过AD（absolute difference）算法求匹配代价的半全局立体匹配算法为基础,首先改变算法匹配代价的计算方式,研究窗口大小对算法性能的影响,然后加入自适应窗口算法,研究自适应窗口对算法性能的影响,最后对改进算法进行算法性能评价与比较。结果 实验结果表明,匹配窗口的选择能够影响匹配算法性能、提高算法的适用范围,自适应窗口的加入能够提高算法匹配精度特别是深度不连续区域的匹配精度,并有效降低算法运行时间,对Cones测试图像集,改进的算法较改进前误匹配率在3个测试区域平均减少2.29%;对于所有测试图像集,算法运行时间较加入自适应窗口前平均减少28.5%。结论 加入自适应窗口的半全局立体匹配算法具有更优的算法性能,能够根据应用场景调节算法匹配精度和匹配速度。     

Near-real-time stereo matching with slanted surface modeling and sub-pixel accuracy

This paper presents a new stereo matching algorithm which takes into consideration surface orientation at the per-pixel level. Two disparity calculation passes are used. The first pass assumes that surfaces in the scene are fronto-parallel and generates an initial disparity map, from which the disparity plane orientations of all pixels are estimated and refined. In the second pass, the matching costs for different pixels are aggregated along the estimated disparity plane orientations using adaptive support weights, where the support weights of neighboring pixels are calculated using a combination of four terms: a spatial proximity term, a color similarity term, a disparity similarity term, and an occlusion handling term. The disparity search space is quantized at sub-pixel level to improve the accuracy of the disparity results. The algorithm is designed for parallel execution on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) for near-real-time processing speed. The evaluation using Middlebury benchmark shows that the presented approach outperforms existing real-time and near-real-time algorithms in terms of subpixel level accuracy.     

A cost-benefit analysis of a third camera for stereo correspondence

This paper looks at the twin issues of the gain in accuracy of stereo correspondence and the accompanying increase in computational cost due to the use of a third camera for stereo analysis. Trinocular stereo algorithms differ from binocular algorithms essentially in the epipolar constraint used in the local matching stage. The current literature does not provide any insight into the relative merits of binocular and trinocular stereo matching with the matching accuracy being verified aginst the ground truth. Experiments for evaluating the relative performance of binocular and trinocular stereo algorithms were conducted. The stereo images used for the performance evaluation were generated by applying a Lambertian reflectance model to real Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) available from the U.S. Geological Survey. The matching accuracy of the stereo algorithms was evaluated by comparing the observed stereo disparity against the ground truth derived from the DEMs. It was observed that trinocular local matching reduced the percentage of mismatches having large disparity errors by more than half when compared to binocular matching. On the other hand, trinocular stereopsis increased the computational cost of local matching over binocular by only about one-fourth. We also present a quantization-error analysis of the depth reconstruction process for the nonparallel stereo-imaging geometry used in our experiments.     

一种沿区域边界的动态规划立体匹配算法

提出一种基于图像区域分割的立体匹配算法.与通常的沿扫描行进行动态规划的立体匹配算法不同,该算法以图像"区域"为基元计算视差.首先使用相关法得到初始视差,然后利用一种区域边界上的多种子动态规划算法对视差进行精细计算,最终通过插值得到整个图像的稠密视差.实验结果表明,此算法速度较快、可靠性较高.     

Intensity- and gradient-based stereo matching using hierarchicalGaussian basis functions

We propose a stereo correspondence method by minimizing intensity and gradient errors simultaneously. In contrast to conventional use of image gradients, the gradients are applied in the deformed image space. Although a uniform smoothness constraint is imposed, it is applied only to nonfeature regions. To avoid local minima in the function minimization, we propose to parameterize the disparity function by hierarchical Gaussians. Both the uniqueness and the ordering constraints can be easily imposed in our minimization framework. Besides, we propose a method to estimate the disparity map and the camera response difference parameters simultaneously. Experiments with various real stereo images show robust performances of our algorithm     

融合边缘保持与改进代价聚合的立体匹配算法

目的 立体匹配是计算机双目视觉的重要研究方向,主要分为全局匹配算法与局部匹配算法两类。传统的局部立体匹配算法计算复杂度低,可以满足实时性的需要,但是未能充分利用图像的边缘纹理信息,因此在非遮挡、视差不连续区域的匹配精度欠佳。为此,提出了融合边缘保持与改进代价聚合的立体匹配。方法 首先利用图像的边缘空间信息构建权重矩阵,与灰度差绝对值和梯度代价进行加权融合,形成新的代价计算方式,同时将边缘区域像素点的权重信息与引导滤波的正则化项相结合,并在多分辨率尺度的框架下进行代价聚合。所得结果经过视差计算,得到初始视差图,再通过左右一致性检测、加权中值滤波等视差优化步骤获得最终的视差图。结果 在Middlebury立体匹配平台上进行实验,结果表明,融合边缘权重信息对边缘处像素点的代价量进行了更加有效地区分,能够提升算法在各区域的匹配精度。其中,未加入视差优化步骤的21组扩展图像对的平均误匹配率较改进前减少3.48%,峰值信噪比提升3.57 dB,在标准4幅图中venus上经过视差优化后非遮挡区域的误匹配率仅为0.18%。结论 融合边缘保持的多尺度立体匹配算法有效提升了图像在边缘纹理处的匹配精度,进一步降低了非遮挡区域与视差不连续区域的误匹配率。     

基于PatchMatch的半全局高效双目立体匹配算法

近年来双目立体匹配技术发展迅速,高精度、高分辨率、大视差的应用需求无疑对该技术的计算效率提出了更高的要求。由于传统立体匹配算法固有的计算复杂度正比于视差范围,已经难以满足高分辨率、大视差的应用场景。因此,从计算复杂度、匹配精度、匹配原理等多方面综合考虑,提出了一种基于PatchMatch的半全局双目立体匹配算法,在路径代价计算过程中使用空间传播机制,将可能的视差由整个视差范围降低为t个候选视差(t远远小于视差范围),显著减少了候选视差的数量,大幅提高了半全局算法的计算效率。对KITTI2015数据集的评估结果表明,该算法以5.81%的错误匹配率和20.2 s的匹配时间实现了准确性和实时性的明显提高。因此,作为传统立体匹配改进算法,该设计可以为大视差双目立体匹配系统提供高效的解决方案。     

Real-time stereo using approximated joint bilateral filtering and dynamic programming

We present a stereo algorithm that is capable of estimating scene depth information with high accuracy and in real time. The key idea is to employ an adaptive cost-volume filtering stage in a dynamic programming optimization framework. The per-pixel matching costs are aggregated via a separable implementation of the bilateral filtering technique. Our separable approximation offers comparable edge-preserving filtering capability and leads to a significant reduction in computational complexity compared to the traditional 2D filter. This cost aggregation step resolves the disparity inconsistency between scanlines, which are the typical problem for conventional dynamic programming based stereo approaches. Our algorithm is driven by two design goals: real-time performance and high accuracy depth estimation. For computational efficiency, we utilize the vector processing capability and parallelism in commodity graphics hardware to speed up this aggregation process over two orders of magnitude. Over 90 million disparity evaluations per second [the number of disparity evaluations per seconds (MDE/s) corresponds to the product of the number of pixels and the disparity range and the obtained frame rate and, therefore, captures the performance of a stereo algorithm in a single number] are achieved in our current implementation. In terms of quality, quantitative evaluation using data sets with ground truth disparities shows that our approach is one of the state-of-the-art real-time stereo algorithms.     

A Surface Reconstruction Method Using Global Graph Cut Optimization

Surface reconstruction from multiple calibrated images has been mainly approached using local methods, either as a continuous optimization problem driven by level sets, or by discrete volumetric methods such as space carving. We propose a direct surface reconstruction approach which starts from a continuous geometric functional that is minimized up to a discretization by a global graph-cut algorithm operating on a 3D embedded graph. The method is related to the stereo disparity computation based on graph-cut formulation, but fundamentally different in two aspects. First, existing stereo disparity methods are only interested in obtaining layers of constant disparity, while we focus on high resolution surface geometry. Second, most of the existing graph-cut algorithms only reach approximate solutions, while we guarantee a global minimum. The whole procedure is consistently incorporated into a voxel representation that handles both occlusions and discontinuities. We demonstrate our algorithm on real sequences, yielding remarkably detailed surface geometry up to 1/10th of a pixel. Author has worked on this project during his Ph. D. at ARTIS     

三种测度融合的加权引导滤波匹配算法

针对立体匹配算法中,census变换在弱纹理区域具有较好效果,但忽略了图像的灰度信息,造成在重复纹理区域匹配效果不理想,提出了一种改进的census变换。在初始匹配代价阶段,设计了一种在census变换的基础上融合互信息和梯度信息的相似性测度算法。在代价聚合阶段,采用自适应权重引导滤波聚合策略。最后,通过视差计算、视差优化得到最终的视差图。在VS2015软件平台上对Middlebury网站上提供的标准测试图进行实验,实验结果表明,所提算法能够得到较为准确的视差图,平均误匹配率为5.29%,可以满足三维重构的需要。     

A sub-pixel stereo matching algorithm and its applications in fabric imaging

In this paper, we describe a sub-pixel stereo matching algorithm where disparities are iteratively refined within a regularization framework. We choose normalized cross-correlation as the matching metric, and perform disparity refinement based on correlation gradients, which is distinguished from intensity gradient-based methods. We propose a discontinuity-preserving regularization technique which utilizes local coherence in the disparity space image, instead of estimating discontinuities in the intensity images. A concise numerical solution is derived by parameterizing the disparity space with dense bicubic B-splines. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than correlation fitting methods without regularization. The algorithm has been implemented for applications in fabric imaging. We have shown its potentials in wrinkle evaluation, drape measurement, and pilling assessment.     

基于区域间协同优化的立体匹配算法

提出了一种基于分割区域间协同优化的立体匹配算法. 该算法以图像区域为匹配基元, 利用区域的彩色特征以及相邻区域间应满足的平滑和遮挡关系定义了区域的匹配能量函数, 并引入区域之间的合作竞争机制, 通过协同优化使所定义的匹配能量极小化, 从而得到比较理想的视差结果. 算法首先对参考图像进行分割, 利用相关法得到各分割区域的初始匹配; 然后用平面模型对各区域的视差进行拟合, 得到各区域的视差平面参数; 最后, 基于协同优化的思想, 采用局部优化的方法对各区域的视差平面参数进行迭代优化, 直至得到比较合理的视差图为止. 采用Middlebury test set进行的实验结果表明, 该方法在性能上可以和目前最好的立体匹配算法相媲美, 得到的视差结果接近于真实视差.     

Differential Geometric Inference in Surface Stereo

Many traditional two-view stereo algorithms explicitly or implicitly use the frontal parallel plane assumption when exploiting contextual information since, e.g., the smoothness prior biases toward constant disparity (depth) over a neighborhood. This introduces systematic errors to the matching process for slanted or curved surfaces. These errors are nonnegligible for detailed geometric modeling of natural objects such as a human face. We show how to use contextual information geometrically to avoid such errors. A differential geometric study of smooth surfaces allows contextual information to be encoded in Cartan's moving frame model over local quadratic approximations, providing a framework of geometric consistency for both depth and surface normals; the accuracy of our reconstructions argues for the sufficiency of the approximation. In effect, Cartan's model provides the additional constraint necessary to move beyond the frontal parallel plane assumption in stereo reconstruction. It also suggests how geometry can extend surfaces to account for unmatched points due to partial occlusion.     

基于信任度传播的体视算法

针对信任度传播算法计算量大及误匹配率高的问题,提出一种高效的计算稠密视差图的全局优化算法。首先,根据像素匹配代价的特点、视差不连续亮度变化的特征,定义具有适应性的数据约束和平滑约束,并对平滑约束进行分层调节后执行消息的传输。其次,讨论消息传输迭代过程中的冗余计算问题,通过检测消息的收敛性减少运行时间。最后,分析信任度传播算法中的误匹配问题,通过匹配的对称性检测遮挡,并提出重建数据项后,利用贪婪迭代法优化所得视差图,将图像中可靠像素的视差向不可靠像素扩散。实验结果表明,该算法能以较快的速度计算出更理想的视差图。     

Occlusions and binocular stereo

Binocular stereo is the process of obtaining depth information from a pair of cameras. In the past, stereo algorithms have had problems at occlusions and have tended to fail there (though sometimes post-processing has been added to mitigate the worst effects). We show that, on the contrary, occlusions can help stereo computation by providing cues for depth discontinuities.We describe a theory for stereo based on the Bayesian approach, using adaptive windows and a prior weak smoothness constraint, which incorporates occlusion. Our model assumes that a disparity discontinuity, along the epipolar line, in one eyealways corresponds to an occluded region in the other eye thus, leading to anocclusion constraint. This constraint restricts the space of possible disparity values, thereby simplifying the computations. An estimation of the disparity at occluded features is also discussed in light of psychophysical experiments. Using dynamic programming we can find the optimal solution to our system and the experimental results are good and support the assumptions made by the model.     

Efficient contrast invariant stereo correspondence using dynamic programming with vertical constraint

In this paper, we propose a dense stereo algorithm based on the census transform and improved dynamic programming (DP). Traditional scanline-based DP algorithms are the most efficient ones among global algorithms, but are well-known to be affected by the streak effect. To solve this problem, we improve the traditional three-state DP algorithm by taking advantage of an extended version of sequential vertical consistency constraint. Using this method, we increase the accuracy of the disparity map greatly. Optimizations have been made so that the computational cost is only increased by about 20%, and the additional memory needed for the improvement is negligible. Experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms many state-of-the-art algorithms with similar efficiency on Middlebury College’s stereo Web site. Besides, the algorithm is robust enough for image pairs with utterly different contrasts by using of census transform as the basic match metric.     

基于最大似然估计的小基高比立体匹配方法*

针对小高比立体匹配当中的亚像素精度和粘合现象问题,提出了一种基于最大似然估计的小基高比立体匹配方法。该方法首先根据混合式窗口选择策略为参考图像中的每一点确定匹配窗口;然后在视差范围内根据规范化互相关函数计算匹配代价,再利用胜者全取策略计算每一点视差;最后采用基于最大似然估计的亚像素匹配方法获得亚像素级视差。实验结果表明,该方法有效地减少了立体匹配中的粘合现象,同时获得了较高精度的亚像素视差,其平均亚像素精度可达1/20个像元。