麦角酰胺产生菌原生质体的紫外诱变育种

为了提高在一般条件下不易产生分生孢子的雀稗麦角菌的产碱率,对原生质体诱变育种的条件和方法进行了探讨。实验表明,对麦角酰胺产生菌的原生质体用紫外线照射5min、7min9、min进行诱变处理,可获得较稳定的高产突变株。麦角酰胺的产率由原始菌株的58mg.L-1提高到459mg.L-1,增加了约7倍,连续传代培养可以得到稳定的高产菌株,说明用原生质体进行诱变处理,对提高麦角酰胺的产率是可行的。     

麦角酰胺产生茵原生质体的紫外诱变育种

为了提高在一般条件下不易产生分生孢子的雀稗麦角茵的产碱率，对原生质体诱变育种的条件和方法进行了探讨。实验表明，对麦角酰胺产生茵的原生质体用紫外线照射5min、7min、9min进行诱变处理，可获得较稳定的高产突变株。麦角酰胺的产率由原始菌株的58mg·L^-1提高到459mg·L^-1，增加了约7倍，连续传代培养可以得到稳定的高产菌株，说明用原生质体进行诱变处理，对提高麦角酰胺的产率是可行的。     

HPLC测定甲磺酸二氢麦角碱缓释片有关物质

目的：建立并优化甲磺酸二氢麦角碱缓释片有关物质的HPLC测定色谱方法。方法：采用单因素方法筛选样品前处理条件、HPLC检测的色谱条件,重点优化了流动相pH值,缓冲盐浓度及洗脱梯度。结果：所开发的方法,专属性强,对样品和降解产物可有效分离,峰纯度和物料平衡均符合要求。结论：该测定方法操作简便、准确,可用于甲磺酸二氢麦角碱缓释片有关物质的测定。     

甲磺酸双氢麦角毒碱片含量测定的方法学研究

采用高效液相色谱法,以水-乙腈-三乙胺（150∶50∶5）为流动相,流速为1.5 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,测定甲磺酸双氢麦角毒碱片含量。在240.336～961.344μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系满足要求,平均回收率为100.16%、99.31%、99.00%、100.02%,RSD为0.91%、1.14%、1.37%、1.38%。该方法操作简单、结果准确可靠,可用于定量测定甲磺酸双氢麦角毒碱片含量。     

产长春新碱尖孢镰刀菌发酵条件优化研究

采用单因素实验和响应面实验对实验室筛选且通过复合诱变的尖孢镰刀菌FN-06-01在10 L发酵罐中发酵产长春新碱(VCR)的工艺进行优化。确定最优发酵条件为:发酵温度28.0℃、初始pH值6.0、通气量5.0 L·min~(-1)、接种量7.5%,在此条件下,VCR产量达到24.61 mg·L~(-1),较优化前提高了51.54%。该研究所构模型可显著提高尖孢镰刀菌FN-06-01发酵产VCR量,为VCR规模化生产提供了理论和实践基础。     

绿色木霉T4的固体发酵工艺及其制剂稳定性的研究

以技皮为发酵基质,通过单因素实验考察了碳源、氮源、初始接种量、培养温度及初始含水量对绿色木霉T4产孢的影响,确定适宜的培养条件为:初始接种量1×105个·(g干基质)-1,培养温度28℃,初始含水量60%,发酵7 d.通过正交实验确定最佳的发酵培养基组成为:葡萄糖10%,(NH4)2SO41‰,CaCO36‰,KH2PO42‰,MgSO44‰,在上述优化的绿色木霉T4的固态发酵工艺条件下,分生孢子最大产量可达4.47×1010个·(g干培养物)-1.同时对绿色木霉T4细粒剂的稳定性进行了研究,发现低温有利于未霉制刺的贮存,40℃以上的高温对制剂孢子活力的影响较大.     

粪肠球菌HX-3-6产γ-氨基丁酸发酵条件的优化

目的优化粪肠球菌HX-3-6产γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric acid,GABA)的发酵条件,提高GABA的产量。方法通过单因素试验和正交试验对产GABA的粪肠球菌HX-3-6发酵条件进行优化,采用Plackett-Burman(PB)试验设计法筛选产GABA的培养基主要影响因素,应用Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析对影响发酵产GABA的主要培养基因素进行优化;用最终优化的配方进行3次验证试验。结果最佳发酵条件为底物浓度30 g/L,起始pH 5.5,发酵时间72 h,温度35℃;PB法筛选出了培养基中有显著效应的4个因素为MnSO4﹒H2O、NaCl、柠檬酸三胺和葡萄糖,经Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析,确定该4个主要影响因素的最佳浓度分别为0.100 785、0.224 459、0.215 355及12.335 95 g/L。3次验证GABA的产量平均可达16.027 g/L,比优化前(11.006 g/L)提高了45.62%。结论优化的粪肠球菌HX-3-6发酵条件和培养基可显著提高GABA产量,为其工业化生产奠定了基础。     

青霉菌L8降解蔗渣产还原糖的发酵

从朽木下土壤筛选到一株霉菌,该菌初步鉴定为青霉菌。考察了该菌产酶时间及酶促温度,然后正交实验表明基本发酵条件为：微波-碱预处理蔗渣时间160 s,不添加吐温80,接种量10%,培养时间5天。单因素实验进一步优化了发酵条件。最优条件下蔗渣糖化率最高可达到41.8%。降解液经TLC检测,初步确定所含还原糖为葡萄糖和木糖。研究表明,青霉L8菌株在蔗渣综合利用上值得进一步研究。     

培养条件及培养基组分对粘质沙雷氏菌生长及产D-乳酸的影响

通过摇瓶实验,确定粘质沙雷氏菌发酵生产I）-乳酸的培养条件为：温度34℃,pH值6．5,种子液接种量5％,载液量为150mL／500mL,采用前期通气有氧培养至菌体对数生长后期、而后厌氧发酵产酸的两阶段培养工艺。考察培养基各组分对菌体生长及乳酸产量的影响,确定葡萄糖及酵母粉作为碳、氮源,并补充添加适量的无机氮。培养基各组分如下（g·L^-1）：葡萄糖15,酵母粉15,KH2P041．5,K2HP04·3H2O2．0,MgSO4·7H2O1．0,FeSO4·7H2O0．03,MnSO4·H2O0．005,以此培养条件及培养基配方进行摇瓶发酵,D-乳酸产量由（13．5±1．29）g·L^-1提高至（29．0±1．42）g·L^-1,提高一倍以上,光学纯度大于97％。     

（S）-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵条件优化

以对（S）-2-氯丙酸有高效脱卤能力的菌株S4为研究对象,对其发酵产酶条件进行了研究。研究了各种碳源、氮源对产酶的影响,确定培养基组成为：葡萄糖10g／L,尿素0．5g／L,Na2HPO4·12H2O3．2g／L,KH2PO41．5g／L,MgSO40．098g,L。摇瓶培养优化后条件为：接种量5％,培养基初始pH7．0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速180r／min,装液量20％。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.