基于高保真颜色再现的色域拓展方法研究

针对高保真颜色再现的需要,研究了多种拓展目标色域方法。这些方法包括基于新显示技术的色域映射方法、改善纸张表面性能和采用多种数字印刷纸张、采用超过四色的高保真印刷方式等。并将这些拓展目标色域的方法分为软件方法和硬件方法两类。详细分析了上述方法实现色域拓展的特点,并比较了其色域拓展的效果。试验结果表明,采用软件方法和硬件方法拓展色域,所得色域范围和效果明显不同。该结果有助于进一步研究实现高保真颜色再现的方法,使颜色在传递过程中达到最佳的视觉效果。     

图像复制中GCR与UCR适用性的研究

设计了用于图像复制的色标图原稿,对该原稿分别进行GCR与UCR分色后进行输出。分析了不同分色方式下图像密度、色彩饱和度及中性灰的复制特点,比较了不同类型黑版对于阶调层次、色彩及灰平衡的适用性。结果表明:GCR更适合处理暗调图像,有助于改善图像灰平衡,但会损失色彩密度及饱和度;UCR有利于色彩密度和色度的良好再现,但会损失图像的反差和灰平衡效应。     

The Study of Colour Reproduction by Computation and Experiment

Colour reproduction changes caused by changes in the elements of a colour photographic system can be predicted by computational methods. Typical computations are outlined with the aid of a simple model of a colour photographic system. Colour preference information is required to predict correctly the desirability of a computed change in colour reproduction. The preferred reproduction of an object colour depends on the viewer’s adaptation. It is believed that, by a combination of adaptation measurements and colour preference measurements, the optimum reproduction of several important colours can be specified. An experiment in which adaptation measurements were used to determine the preferred reproduction of flesh colour is described.     

Dissemination of units of mole fraction and mass concentration of gas components by means of first-grade working standards based on dynamic gas mixture generators

A comparison of static and dynamic methods of preparing gas mixtures is presented and requirements that working standards based on dynamic generators must satisfy are formulated. The basic sources of errors in the reproduction of mole fraction and mass concentration of components in gas mixtures are analyzed by a dynamic method and results from a study of methods of increasing the stability and precision of dynamic generators are presented. A new complex of first-grade working standards is described. Data of an experimental study of the metrological characteristics of dynamic generators based on the results gained from their use in international key comparisons are presented.     

Quantum Standard for Units of Length,Time, Mass and Fundamental Physical Constants

Contemporary methods are considered for storage and reproduction of the dimensions of basic SI units, i.e., length, time, and mass. The main trends are discussed for improving these methods in order to reduce reproduction errors for the dimensions of units. The importance of using results of theoretical calculations for microprocess characteristics and precise values for a number of fundamental physical constants is noted. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 3–7, August, 2005.     

Simulation of high velocity impact in fluid-filled containers using finite elements with adaptive coupling to smoothed particle hydrodynamics

This paper presents a numerical study on the simulation of impacts of projectiles on fluid-filled containers. The type of impact investigated leads to hydrodynamic ram (HRAM) and complete failure of the container shell. Two different numerical approaches are compared which are both implemented in a research hydrocode: a pure Lagrangian discretization with Finite Elements (FE) and element erosion, and a coupled adaptive FE/SPH discretization. The numerical results are compared with two reference experiments. The principal phenomenology including the container deformation could be modeled well with both methods. The coupled FE/SPH approach was superior in the reproduction of the projectile’s observed residual velocity, it is, however, computationally more expensive.     

Comparison of reproduction performance of a single pole head and a ring head

The reproduction pulse amplitude of a single pole head from double-layer perpendicular media has been analyzed. We derived an analytic expression to relate the pulse amplitude to the head and medium parameters. Experimental data are also presented to verify the calculated results. The reproduction performances of a single pole head and a ring head are theoretically compared and found to be comparable when both are normalized to the same head inductance.     

State primary standard of the unit of relative permittivity and unit of relative permeability in the frequency range 1 MHz – 18 GHz

The composition and generalized block diagram of the State Primary Standard of the unit of relative permittivity and unit of relative permeability in the frequency range 1 MHz – 18 GHz and methods of reproduction and transfer of the unit are considered. Measurement equations for all the standard devices and a brief analysis of the errors that arise in reproduction of the unit are presented.     

跨媒体颜色再现方法的研究

总结了跨媒体复杂图像颜色再现方法的研究现状及发展方向,介绍了基于空间视觉的颜色再现、基于CIECAM02的颜色再现和基于图像色貌模型3种方法的研究内容及发展趋势;着重分析了跨媒体颜色再现的难点和突破点,应用前景方面的优势和显著的实际应用价值.     

加网工艺对数码打样产品颜色再现的研究

针对目前印刷企业更倾向于采用加网数码打样稿作为印刷的参考样,但在数码打样中,加网参数的改变对颜色还原的影响尚不清楚的情况,研究采用模拟实验方法,通过改变数码印刷品加网线数,比较其颜色还原效果,进一步推广加网数码打样技术。     

Reproduction dynamics of planktonic microbial eukaryotes in the open ocean

Understanding the biology of reproduction of an organismal lineage is important for retracing key evolutionary processes, yet gaining detailed insights often poses major challenges. Planktonic Foraminifera are globally distributed marine microbial eukaryotes and important contributors to the global carbon cycle. They cannot routinely be cultured under laboratory conditions across generations, and thus details of their life cycle remain incomplete. The production of flagellated gametes has long been taken as an indication of exclusively sexual reproduction, but recent research suggests the existence of an additional asexual generation in the life cycle. To gain a better understanding of the reproductive biology of planktonic Foraminifera, we applied a dynamic, individual-based modelling approach with parameters based on laboratory and field observations to test if sexual reproduction is sufficient for maintaining viable populations. We show that temporal synchronization and potentially spatial concentration of gamete release seems inevitable for maintenance of the population under sexual reproduction. We hypothesize that sexual reproduction is likely beneficial during the adaptation to new environments, while population sustenance in stable environments can be ensured through asexual reproduction.     

Comparative estimation of the reproduction number for pandemic influenza from daily case notification data

The reproduction number, R, defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by a primary case, is a crucial quantity for identifying the intensity of interventions required to control an epidemic. Current estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal influenza show wide variation and, in particular, uncertainty bounds for R for the pandemic strain from 1918 to 1919 have been obtained only in a few recent studies and are yet to be fully clarified. Here, we estimate R using daily case notifications during the autumn wave of the influenza pandemic (Spanish flu) in the city of San Francisco, California, from 1918 to 1919. In order to elucidate the effects from adopting different estimation approaches, four different methods are used: estimation of R using the early exponential-growth rate (Method 1), a simple susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model (Method 2), a more complex SEIR-type model that accounts for asymptomatic and hospitalized cases (Method 3), and a stochastic susceptible-infectious-removed (SIR) with Bayesian estimation (Method 4) that determines the effective reproduction number Rt at a given time t. The first three methods fit the initial exponential-growth phase of the epidemic, which was explicitly determined by the goodness-of-fit test. Moreover, Method 3 was also fitted to the whole epidemic curve. Whereas the values of R obtained using the first three methods based on the initial growth phase were estimated to be 2.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.73, 3.25), 2.38 (2.16, 2.60) and 2.20 (1.55, 2.84), the third method with the entire epidemic curve yielded a value of 3.53 (3.45, 3.62). This larger value could be an overestimate since the goodness-of-fit to the initial exponential phase worsened when we fitted the model to the entire epidemic curve, and because the model is established as an autonomous system without time-varying assumptions. These estimates were shown to be robust to parameter uncertainties, but the theoretical exponential-growth approximation (Method 1) shows wide uncertainty. Method 4 provided a maximum-likelihood effective reproduction number 2.10 (1.21, 2.95) using the first 17 epidemic days, which is consistent with estimates obtained from the other methods and an estimate of 2.36 (2.07, 2.65) for the entire autumn wave. We conclude that the reproduction number for pandemic influenza (Spanish flu) at the city level can be robustly assessed to lie in the range of 2.0-3.0, in broad agreement with previous estimates using distinct data.     

基于网点排布状态的色彩再现差异性研究

为了研究网点排布状态对色彩再现的影响及彼此之间色彩的差异性,设计了模拟网点并列、完全重叠及部分重叠的样条,并对输出样条中各色块进行密度、色差和光谱曲线的测量比较。实验结果表明,在表达同一原稿色时,原色网点的排列方式不同,色彩表现会存在明显差异;网点并列时呈色效果最好,网点完全重叠时色彩表现力最差;色彩再现差异还与网点面积和油墨自身属性有关。     

基于丝绸的色彩质量控制方法研究

目的研究以丝绸为承印物的数码印花机色彩再现质量过程控制方法。方法详细分析过程控制节点的实地密度、阶调复制和灰平衡等对喷墨印花颜色的影响,通过理论分析与实践经验的总结,找出各因素影响的实质及如何控制,以提高复制质量。结果通过对过程控制方法的研究,获得了影响印花质量的关键因素,并提出了相应的优化控制方法。结论综合控制节点之间的关系,验证了其方法的可行性和精准性,为跨媒介的色彩复制智能化、高精度、高品质和高可靠性提供了有用的参考价值。     

A farewell to R: time-series models for tracking and forecasting epidemics

The time-dependent reproduction number, R_t, is a key metric used by epidemiologists to assess the current state of an outbreak of an infectious disease. This quantity is usually estimated using time-series observations on new infections combined with assumptions about the distribution of the serial interval of transmissions. Bayesian methods are often used with the new cases data smoothed using a simple, but to some extent arbitrary, moving average. This paper describes a new class of time-series models, estimated by classical statistical methods, for tracking and forecasting the growth rate of new cases and deaths. Very few assumptions are needed and those that are made can be tested. Estimates of R_t, together with their standard deviations, are obtained as a by-product.     

面向高保真再现的多光谱图像降维方法

目的研究满足面向高保真再现要求的多光谱图像降维方法。方法基于二进制小波对信号的分解与人类的视觉特性相匹配,以及非负主成分分析法可较好地保证降维的光谱精度,提出采用基于离散二进制小波变化与非负主成分分析法的综合降维方法,并基于多光谱图像高保真再现的光谱精度、色度精度与变光源色差稳定性的要求,提出采用CIELAB的标准色差ab?E、光谱保真度和平均梯度等3个指标来评价降维效果。结果经过多光谱图像的测试实验,基于离散小波变换和非负主成分分析法的综合降维方法相对于其他3种方法,其光谱精度、色度精度和图像清晰度保持良好。结论该方法较好地实现了多光谱图像的高保真再现问题,并且为颜色视觉的认知过程提供了新的理论解释。     

New state standard for the unit of length for the parameters of the involute surfaces and helix angle of a gear tooth

Interference methods of measurement are involved in the principle described for the reproduction of standards of unit of length for involute surfaces and the helix angle of gear teeth. The results of a metrological analysis of the standard are considered. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp 24–27, September, 1997     

以色度转换实现承印材料底色的校正的方法研究

利用Kodak的Approval打样系统测试了13种印刷常用纸张,总结了纸张底色对印刷色彩的影响,并比较了校正纸张底色的3种色度转换方法:不同测量衬垫的色度转换方法、相对色度转换方法和基于测量数据的多项式转换方法。分析比较发现:如果印刷中使用理想黑,则不同测量衬垫的色度转换方法与相对色度转换方法是等效的;印刷色彩由于纸张底色差异所引起的色彩偏差,并非完全符合线性的转换关系,因此基于测量数据的多项式的色度转换方法的转换结果更加准确,特别是当2种纸张间底色的色差大于4ΔEa*b*时;由于多项式的转换需要使用所有复制色彩的测量数据,造成了实际应用中的诸多不便,因此ISO 13655标准中的不同测量衬垫的色度转换方法较适用于纸张底色偏差的校正。     

基于最优化维纳估计算法的多光谱图像重构

目的提高光谱反射率重构精度,更好实现图像颜色再现。方法选择4种不同的训练样本,比较不同的改进的维纳估计算法重构光谱反射率精度。分别把Color Checker Color Rendition Chart(RC-24色)和Color Checker SG(140色)以及Panton色卡、孟塞尔色卡(Munsell-1269)4种不同颜色数量的哑光色卡作为训练样本,用伪逆算法、维纳估计算法、自适应维纳估计算法和最优化维纳估计算法分别对多光谱图像进行重构,并进行精度对比。从均方根误差、色差等方面评价这些光谱重构方法。结果最优化维纳估计算法重构均方根误差为0.000 41,色差为0.7874,均小于其他几种算法。结论最优化维纳估计算法能更好实现颜色再现。     

纸张对静电照相数字印刷彩色复制性能的影响

在对当前市场上广泛应用的5款静电照相数字印刷机的色彩复制能力对比分析的基础上,选择其中2台典型设备以及常用的9种纸张,研究纸张与静电照相数字印刷彩色复制性能之间的关系,提出了静电照相数字印刷品质量要求中所涉及的密度、网点扩大、相对反差等质量指标范围,对制定数字印刷质量标准具有一定的参考作用。