多次分级中心给粉旋流煤粉高效低氮氧化物燃烧技术

为了实现煤粉高效燃烧和低NOx排放,将中心给粉旋流燃烧器与燃烬风技术相结合,形成多次分级中心给粉旋流燃烧技术。阐述多次分级中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧技术原理和特点,并指出该技术不仅可以大幅降低NOx排放,同时还具有燃烧效率高、防止结渣和高温腐蚀的优点,并通过实验室试验和工业试验验证该技术的原理。在实验室和实际锅炉上,采用飘带示踪法对不同燃烬风率和外二次风叶片角度下的空气动力场进行测量。试验表明,该燃烧器可以在燃烬风率为25%时可以形成稳定的中心回流区,回流区随着外二次风叶片角度减小而增大。采用三维激光多普勒动态粒子分析仪对采用多次分级技术条件下中心给粉旋流燃烧器出口气固流动特性进行测量。试验表明,颗粒相对数密度峰值出现位置靠近燃烧器中心位置。在一台600 MW机组锅炉上进行热态试验。试验表明,煤粉在距离喷口约为0.1 m位置着火,具有较强的稳燃能力。同时,介绍该技术的应用情况。     

稳燃特性对1000MW超超临界锅炉NO_x排放特性影响的数值模拟

使用可实现k-ε双方程模型,对一台1 000 MW超超临界对冲旋流燃烧锅炉NOx生成特性进行数值模拟。对燃烧器拟改进结构与原始结构NOx生成特性进行对比,并对燃烧器稳燃特性增强后过量空气系数、燃尽风(After air port,AAP)与侧燃尽风(Side air port,SAP)率、燃烧器投运方式及锅炉负荷等因素对NOx排放特性的影响进行计算。计算与分析结果表明,燃烧器稳燃特性增强后炉膛温度场变化较大,无油点火燃烧器温度场变化也非常明显,锅炉NOx排放量无明显增长;同时,根据NOx沿炉高方向的变化规律,可以将炉膛沿炉高分为浓度迅速升高、浓度缓慢下降、浓度快速下降和浓度缓慢上升4个区段,AAP与SAP风率越高、过量空气系数越小,炉膛出口NOx排放越少;同等负荷条件下,投入下层燃烧器数量较多时NOx排放量明显下降。并将计算结果和改进前后试验数据进行对比,计算误差在10%以内,数值模拟结果比较准确地预测了燃烧器改进后NOx生成与排放量,为燃烧器的设计和运行提供一定的理论依据。     

四角切圆锅炉炉内煤粉燃烧过程数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学软件PHOENICS 3.5对一台200 MW四角切圆水平浓淡燃烧煤粉炉进行数值模拟研究,采用多流体两相流动模型及煤粉燃烧综合模型,计算得出在垂直方向不同二次风风量分布的工况下,炉内各截面处的烟气温度、燃料浓度、燃烧产物组分浓度以及炉内辐射热流的分布。结果表明,在燃烧器出口处出现了高煤粉浓度和烟气高温区,并出现气固两相分离的现象,使得煤粉着火及时,燃烧器区域维持较高温度,并防止水冷壁结渣,炉内温度、炉膛出口氧量和飞灰可燃物的计算结果和试验结果相比,吻合较好。二次风分级配风工况下,下部燃烧器区烟气温度升高,但氧气推迟混入,相应位置飞灰可燃物有所增加。计算模型能够合理地模拟水平浓淡煤粉气流在大型锅炉炉膛内的燃烧过程,适用于运行工况的优化和炉内污染物的控制。     

1000MW超超临界燃煤锅炉燃烧与NO_x排放特性试验研究

为实现高效燃烧和低NOx排放,在一台1000MW对冲燃烧烟煤锅炉上进行燃烧优化调整试验,测量炉膛烟气温度分布,研究煤种、省煤器出口氧量、燃尽风量、燃烧器及燃尽风风门开度、燃烧器投运方式和负荷等因素对燃烧和NOx排放的影响规律。试验表明,省煤器出口氧量和燃尽风量对锅炉效率和NOx排放有较大影响,二者分别保持在3.0%和750t/h时运行效果较好,且利于消除屏式过热器结焦;调整同层燃烧器外二次风挡板开度可减轻沿炉膛宽度的氧量不均;燃用设计煤种、全关燃尽风喷口外二次风挡板、保持燃烧器中心风母管风门开度为50%并在满负荷时尽量停止一层上排燃烧器利于降低飞灰中碳的质量分数。调整后测得锅炉效率超过94.4%,NOx排放浓度低于300mg/m3,明显优于国内目前运行的锅炉。     

生物质成型颗粒燃料气化锅炉的设计研究

根据生物质成型颗粒燃料特性及燃烧规律,通过详细的热工计算设计了生物质成型颗粒燃料气化锅炉。锅炉采用往复炉排,增强了炉膛燃烧强度,高的炉膛高度使得锅炉气化燃烧的程度增加,从而提高了锅炉的燃烧效率和热效率。     

燃煤电厂稳燃燃烧器分析

目前,许多大型燃煤电厂不能满负荷发电,需要参与调峰,造成锅炉有时会处于燃料量少、炉膛温度水平低、燃烧速度低的低负荷运行工况,对电厂的安全运行非常不利。现首先阐述了火电厂低负荷稳燃原理与措施,接着对燃煤电厂各种不同的燃烧器设备进行了分析,说明了提高电厂在低负荷运行时的安全水平需要采取煤粉燃烧器、低负荷稳燃器等设备或提高一次烟温等措施。     

煤粉锅炉自控系统简介

煤粉炉是一种以煤粉为主要燃料的锅炉。燃煤先磨制成粉并和一次空气混合,然后喷入炉膛在悬浮状态下燃烧。悬浮燃烧的特点是燃烧反应快、完全、对煤种的适应性强。同层燃炉相比煤粉炉能使用多种燃料,包括无烟煤、劣质煤及甘蔗渣,在运行变换煤种时也能方便地调整。煤粉炉是一种燃烧效率较高的工业锅炉炉型,因此得到了广泛地使用。根据煤粉炉的特点,并考虑到工业锅炉设备运行的要求,煤粉锅炉自控系统一般可分为以下三个部分: 一、热工参数检测部分 1.温度:(1)炉膛出口烟温;(2)省煤器进口水温;(3)空气预热器出口风温;(4)省煤器进口烟温;(5)省煤器出口烟温;(6)排烟温度。     

提高燃煤锅炉改造燃生物质颗粒锅炉能效研究分析

本文针对目前燃煤锅炉改造燃烧不充分、能效低的问题,研究通过对传统层燃燃煤锅炉的炉膛进行改造,改变燃煤锅炉的炉拱及烟风系统,在不损失受热面积的前提下,优化生物质颗粒燃烧、增加火焰及烟气在炉膛停留时间,提高燃料热效率。     

实验室模拟高炉喷煤燃烧装置的设计

为制取未燃煤粉,计算未燃煤粉的燃烧率,利用内装耐火材料的耐热钢管模拟热风炉加热空气,在实验室模拟高炉风口煤粉的燃烧,设计了高炉喷煤模拟燃烧装置。与干馏法制取未燃煤粉相比,内置耐火材料的耐热钢加热空气燃烧装置制取的未燃煤粉的燃烧率高于干馏法。     

中心给粉旋流燃烧器气固两相流动的数值模拟

电厂采用的煤粉燃烧技术应达到稳燃、低污染、防结渣及防高温腐蚀的要求。中国电厂燃用煤的煤质偏差,煤种多变。在燃用这些煤的时候,锅炉的稳燃能力较低。针对这些问题,提出中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧技术。由于燃烧器的气固流动特性对燃烧器的性能有很大的影响,利用可实现的k-ε和Lagrangian随机轨道模型对中心给粉旋流燃烧器的气固两相流动进行数值模拟,并将计算结果和三维相位多普勒测速技术(Phase-Doppler anemometry,PDA)试验结果进行详细比较,计算值和试验值速度分布的趋势基本相同。计算和试验结果表明,在轴向方向产生了回流区,切向速度分布出现典型的Rankine涡结构,中心线附近区域的径向速度小。当颗粒的轴向速度衰减为0之后,颗粒的运动方向发生偏转,开始向后上方运动。颗粒迂回型运动轨迹延长了煤粉在回流区中的停留时间。     

立体分级燃烧对NO_x排放特性的影响

采用水平浓淡燃烧器及燃尽风联用的立体分级燃烧技术,对某台220 t/h燃烟煤、矩形炉膛锅炉机组进行降低NOx排放的改造,并对其进行试验研究.重点考察水平浓淡燃烧器、二次风配风方式和不同燃尽风份额对NOx排放量、炉膛温度水平、CO、CO2的影响规律.研究表明,采用新型水平浓淡燃烧器后,在强化燃烧的同时,可降低13%左右的NOx排放量;二次风配风方式对NOx排放影响明显,采用倒宝塔配风方式可降低NOx排放浓度至408 mg/m3;在燃尽风份额分别为0、0.21、0.31和0.43时,除出口氧量增加外,CO、CO2、飞灰碳体积分数变化不大,主燃烧区域温度水平总体呈降低趋势,燃尽区温度水平呈现先增加后降低趋势,NOx排放浓度持续降低.在未投三次风情况下,NOx排放浓度可降低到363 mg/m3.改造后,NOx排放浓度可稳定在450 mg/m3以下,为浓淡燃烧与燃尽风联用技术在大容量锅炉机组上的推广提供重要技术依据.     

Effects of gas and particle emissions on wall radiative heat flux in oxy-fuel combustion

Oxy-fuel combustion exhibits combustion and heat transfer characteristics different from air-fuel combustion due to high concentrations of CO₂ and H₂O. This study evaluated the effect of gas and particle emissions on radiative heat transfer in oxy-fuel combustion of coal. For a hexahedral furnace, prescribed gas compositions based on combustion calculation were used to simplify the combustion reactions. The values of radiative heat fluxes (q_rad) were compared for different combustion modes, flue gas recirculation (FGR) methods, particle concentrations, furnace sizes and O₂ concentrations in the oxidizer. The radiation was calculated by the discrete ordinate method with gaseous emission predicted by the weighted sum of gray gases models (WSGGMs). The results showed that employing an optimized WSGGM is essential for the accurate prediction of q_rad in oxy-fuel combustion for gaseous fuels. The conventional WSGGM showed large errors for larger furnace volumes or under dry FGR conditions. With higher particle concentrations such as in pulverized coal combustion, however, q_rad was dominated by emission of particles. The effect of gas emissivity was not critical in the furnace with a mean beam length of 8.3m. Oxy-fuel combustion with wet FGR had higher q_rad than dry FGR. The O₂ concentration in the oxidizer was a key parameter for oxy-fuel combustion since increasing its value linearly increased q_rad.     

The characteristics of pulverized coal combustion in the two stage cyclone combustor

Numerical investigations on air staging and fuel staging were carried out with a newly designed coaxial cyclone combustor, which uses the method of two stage coal combustion composed of pre-combustor and main combustor. The pre-combustor with a high air/fuel ratio is designed to supply gas at high temperature to the main combustor. To avoid local high temperature region in this process, secondary air is injected in the downstream. Together with the burned gas supplied from the pre-combustor and the preheated air directly injected into main combustor, coals supplied through the main burner react rapidly at a low air/fuel ratio. Strong swirling motion of cyclone combustor keeps the wall temperature high, which makes slagging combustion possible. Alaska, US coal is used for calculations. Predictions were made for various coal flow rates in the main combustor for fuel staging and for the various flow rate of secondary air in the pre-combustor for air staging. In-scattering angles are also chosen as a variable to increase residence times of coal particles. Temperature fields and particle trajectories for various conditions are described. Predicted temperature variations at the wall of the combustor are compared with corresponding experimental data and show a similar trend. The in-scattering angle of 20° is recommended to increase the combustion efficiency in the main chamber.     

Experimental and numerical study of piston thermal management using piston cooling jet

This research investigates the effects of piston cooling jet (PCJ) on the temperature and heat transfer of a piston. A numerical model was developed by using the computational fluid dynamic approach in which the fluid and solid domains of the piston were coupled in a three-dimensional space. Two-phase flow of oil and air was also simulated. This method was used to analyze the effects of oil velocity and piston position on the heat transfer coefficient at the bottom of the piston as the new outcomes of this study. For the experiment, combustion heat flux on the piston was simulated in a test rig, and numerical results were validated. The results showed a linear relation between the oil jet velocity and the average of heat transfer coefficient at the bottom of the piston, and a periodic correlation between the piston’s vertical position and the average of heat transfer coefficient. The average of the piston crown temperature could be reduced to about 70 K by using the PCJ system, but this cooling method could create 50 K temperature gradient in the piston.     

空调列车室内三维紊流流场和温度场数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学对某列车车厢内部的速度场与温度场的分布进行了数值模拟。采用稳态不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,紊流模型选择两方程模型,应用有限体积法计算了车厢内气固耦合传热问题。研究了送风方式和送风速度对空调列车室内流场的影响,以及送风温度对列车室内温度场的影响,为空调列车室内气流组织优化设计及舒适性研究提供依据。     

蓄热式加热炉内NOx生成的数值模拟

目前蓄热燃烧技术已经在加热炉上广泛应用,但NOx生成机理仍不很清楚。本文以鞍山热能研究院建造的蓄热式加热炉为原型,对低热值煤气蓄热燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。通过比较不同预热温度、不同空气系数、不同空气喷口倾角和不同煤气与空气喷口间距,发现当这些条件改变时,低热值煤气燃烧过程的NOx生成量也随之发生变化。     

An experimental study on the combustion characteristics of a low nox burner using reburning technology

The combustion characteristics of a low NO_x burner using reburning technology have been experimentally studied. The reburn burner usually has three distinct reaction zones which include the primary combustion zone, the reburn zone and the burnout zone by provided secondary air. NO_x is mainly produced in a primary combustion zone and a certain portion of NO_x can be converted to nitrogen in the reburn zone. In the burnout zone, the unburned mixtures are completely oxidated by supplying secondary air. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used as main and reburn fuels. The experimental parameters investigated involve the main/ reburn fuel ratio, the primary/secondary air ratio, and the injection location of reburn fuel and secondary air. When the amount of reburn fuel reaches to the 20-30% of the total fuel used, the overall NO reduction of 50% is achieved. The secondary air is injected by two different ways including vertical and parallel injection. The injector of secondary air is located at the downstream region of furnace for a vertical-injection mode, which is also placed at the inlet primary-air injection region for a parallel-injection mode. In case of the vertical injection of the secondary air flow, the NO_x formation of stoichiometric condition at a primary combustion zone is nearly independent of the reburn conditions (locations, fuel/air ratios) while the NO_x emission of the fuel-lean condition is considerably influenced by the reburn conditions. In case of the parallel injection of the secondary air, the NO_x emission is sensitive to the air ratio rather than the fuel ratio and the reburning process often coupled with the multiple air-staging and fuel-staging combustion processes.     

高速斜齿轮传动稳态温度场仿真分析

结合摩擦学、传热学和齿轮啮合原理,给出稳态条件下轮齿本体的热平衡方程及摩擦热流量、对流换热计算方法,分析了啮合面压力及摩擦热流量的分布情况;利用ANSYS参数化编程语言,建立三维斜齿轮温度场分析有限元模型,并给出加载热流密度的方法;在不同节线速度下,对斜齿轮本体温度场进行数值仿真,分析了斜齿轮本体温度场分布规律;对比高速齿轮测温实验结果,表明温度仿真结果与测试结果吻合良好;在此基础上,计算了修形斜齿轮本体温度场。