中高强度铝合金熔化焊接接头的缺陷容限评价方法

应用电子背散射衍射及高精度同步辐射X射线三维原位成像技术,结合高周疲劳试验与裂纹扩展速率试验,揭示了激光复合焊接的中高强度铝合金的微结构特征(如组织、缺陷等)对疲劳性能的影响。结果发现,激光复合焊接过程显著改变了铝合金接头各区的组织特征;焊缝中存在着大量气孔缺陷;接头的拉伸和疲劳性能均低于母材,软化严重;根据缺陷的极值统计与修正的Murakami公式,获得了接头的理论疲劳极限。绘制出熔焊接头Kitagawa-Takahashi图,通过高周疲劳极限值推证得到铝合金7020和7050激光复合焊接头的缺陷容限值分别为185μm和311μm。     

TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头超高周疲劳行为研究

采用超声疲劳试验方法(20 k Hz),研究TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能与断裂机理。结果表明,TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳性能要远低于母材的疲劳性能。在短寿命阶段,电子束焊接接头和母材的疲劳裂纹均在表面萌生;当寿命增大时,两者疲劳裂纹的萌生位置均由表面转向内部,母材的疲劳裂纹主要萌生于内部显微组织,而电子束焊接接头疲劳裂纹主要萌生于内部焊接气孔缺陷。当寿命较长时,疲劳源区会出现"鱼眼"形貌特征,源区附近有白色颗粒状细晶区,即细晶区(Fine granular area,FGA),其应力强度因子在2.90~3.33 MPa·m1/2,与疲劳寿命没有直接关系,可以认为是疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。此外,基于AKINIWA小裂纹扩展理论,定量分析气孔尺寸与TC21焊接接头疲劳极限、疲劳应力的关系。     

25Cr2Ni2MoV钢焊接接头的超高周疲劳特性

对25Cr2Ni2MoV钢焊接接头开展常温拉压条件下的超高周疲劳试验,并对失效试样进行断口分析,研究焊接接头的疲劳失效机理。结果表明,疲劳寿命曲线呈现阶梯状:在高应力短寿命区,疲劳断裂发生在试样母材区较多,多为表面或次表面夹杂物裂纹萌生;在低应力长寿命区,疲劳断裂发生在试样焊缝区较多,多为内部气孔裂纹萌生。断口分析发现:缺陷(裂纹源)尺寸较小或者越靠近试样内部,疲劳寿命越长,且较小缺陷同内部较大缺陷具有相似的裂纹萌生潜力。通过有限元模拟疲劳试样内部微缺陷处的应力分布得出,焊缝区气孔和夹杂物周围的应力集中程度大于母材区夹杂物。结合断口分析发现,母材区弥散分布的粒状颗粒夹杂物数量较多,并且聚集起来会形成更大的缺陷,相比焊缝区夹杂物更容易萌生疲劳裂纹。     

核电汽轮机转子焊缝金属原奥氏体尺寸对疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和近门槛区临界点的影响规律研究

研究了25Cr2Ni2MoV核电汽轮机低压焊接转子模拟件埋弧焊焊缝金属疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅关系曲线,发现了不同试样疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和近门槛区临界点对应的应力强度因子幅不同的现象。使用逆推法在金相中确定了临界点位置,并进一步研究了临界点处的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸,发现其与裂纹尖端单向塑性区最大尺寸有较好的对应关系。而模拟件多层多道焊焊缝金属组织不均匀性带来的临界点位置的差异是造成门槛值测试结果分散的重要原因之一。     

温度对汽轮机转子用2CrMo合金钢高周疲劳性能的影响

在室温和高温(450,500,566℃)下对某进口汽轮机转子用2CrMo合金钢进行了拉伸试验和轴向力控制的高周疲劳试验,基于试验数据得到该钢的高周疲劳应力-寿命曲线,并通过广义中值曲面模型得到了中值寿命曲面,研究了温度对高周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：试验钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量随温度的升高而下降;相同应力水平下,高周疲劳寿命随温度的升高而下降,高应力比(0.5,0.8)下,高周疲劳寿命受应力水平影响较大。低应力比(-1,-0.3)下高周疲劳断口为典型的轴向承载高周疲劳断口,在高温时疲劳源呈多源特点,室温时为单一裂纹源;高应力比(0.5,0.8)下高周疲劳断口呈现拉伸断口特征,室温下断口存在明显的放射区、纤维区和剪切唇区,高温下只有纤维区和剪切唇区。     

16Mn钢埋弧焊接头疲劳特性的研究

对１６Ｍｎ钢双面埋弧焊ＣＴ试样的焊缝、热影响区、母材及垂直焊接方向的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了研究。结果表明，焊接焊头的不同部位疲劳裂纹扩展速率不同，平均应力、焊接残余应力、金相组织对疲劳裂纹的扩展速率都有一定的影响。     

不同焊接工艺下B780CF钢焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究

采用标准紧凑拉伸试样进行不同焊接工艺下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,使用递增多项式法对试验数据进行处理,得到裂纹扩展速率曲线。分析焊接工艺对疲劳寿命和裂纹扩展速率的影响,结果表明:不同的焊接工艺下,疲劳裂纹扩展速率是有明显区别的,按母材、埋弧焊、热影响区、手工焊的顺序递减。同时对不同焊接工艺下的疲劳断口进行了分析,探讨焊接工艺对裂纹扩展速率的影响机理。     

TA15钛合金钨极氩弧焊焊接接头力学性能研究

TA15钛合金钨极氩弧焊焊缝、热影响区、母材的微观组织差别明显,晶粒尺寸依次减小.焊接件的疲劳试验结果分析表明,热影响区是焊接接头的薄弱部位,疲劳裂纹大多萌生于焊接热影响区区域.疲劳破坏试样断口的SEM(scanning electron microscope)分析表明疲劳裂纹大多起源于焊接热影响区的气孔处.     

下压量对7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

在不同下压量(0.3,0.7,1.0 mm)下对7N01铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊，研究了下压量对接头截面形貌、拉伸性能、抗撕裂性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：下压量对7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的拉伸性能影响不大；当下压量为0.7,1.0 mm时，接头的启裂能、裂纹扩展能及撕裂强度均相近，但当下压量为0.3 mm时，接头焊缝区域的启裂能、裂纹扩展能及撕裂强度均显著降低；随着下压量的增加，焊接接头疲劳强度增大；当下压量为1.0 mm时焊接接头的疲劳性能及抗裂纹扩展性能最优。     

TA2钛合金焊接接头不同区域的疲劳裂纹扩展速率

对TA2钛合金焊接接头的母材区、熔合线、焊缝中心和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率、疲劳断口形貌以及显微组织进行了研究。结果表明:接头各区域的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相差不大,可直接用焊缝区的裂纹扩展速率表示;各区域试样的断口呈典型的疲劳断口形貌;母材区的平均晶粒尺寸约62.8μm,热影响区的约为110μm,晶粒尺寸对疲劳裂纹扩展速率没有明显影响。     

Characterisation of joint properties through spatial mapping of cracks in fatigue specimens,extracted from the linearly friction welded steel coupon

Linear friction welding (LFW) is widely used for the fabrication of high-value components in the aero-industry. The versatility of use and high integrity of joints produced by LFW, suggest that this technology could contribute greatly to sustainable engineering of the future. For example, in near-net-shape manufacturing, LFW is predicted to offer a substantial reduction in material waste and processing time, in addition to offering the capability of bonding material pairs currently difficult to fusion weld. LFW of steel components is seldom researched in published literature, with little information available on fatigue strength and fracture behaviour of such joints. This may hamper the confidence needed to popularise LFW in wider industry. Thusly, authors conducted a discovery-oriented fatigue study, followed by metallography and micro-hardness tests, conducted on a 100Cr steel LFW coupon and corresponding batch of parent material. The weld coupon was dissected into a set of fatigue specimens, to allow mapping of the joint's internal properties through individual fatigue estimates and fracture morphology of each specimen in the set. A prototype fatigue machine was constructed, designed to deliver independent displacement and force controlled bending or torsional loadings, representing complex real-world conditions more accurately than common, uniaxial tests. The hour-glass shape of fatigue specimens allowed for targeting strictly the weld region, inducing fracture at the weakest material section, which was found to lay far outside the immediate contact interface. Referencing distances from fracture points to the theoretical weld interface plane in each fatigue trial, resulted in discovery of a macroscopic pattern. Interpolated to a crack initiation plane, this pattern is proposed to reflect the heat-affected zone, across the greater LFW coupon. Authors also studied crack paths and suggest a link between fracture direction, residual stresses in joint and angular orientation of the crack initiation plane in respect to the theoretical weld interface.     

Low-cycle fatigue of a friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy at different welding parameters and cooling conditions

Strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests and microstructural evaluation were performed on a friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy with varying welding parameters and cooling conditions. Cyclic hardening of friction stir welded joints was appreciably stronger than that of the base material. The cyclic stress amplitude increased, and plastic strain amplitude and fatigue lifetime slightly decreased with increasing welding speed from 60 to 200 mm/min but were only weakly dependent of the rotational rate between 300 and 1,000 rpm with air cooling. Friction stir welded joints with water cooling had higher stress amplitude and fatigue life than that with air cooling. Fatigue failure of the joint occurred in the HAZ where the soft zone was present, with crack initiation from the specimen surface or near-surface defect and crack propagation characterized by typical fatigue striations.     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

BGA结构无铅微焊点的低周疲劳行为研究

基于塑性应变能密度概念提出微焊点低周疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展和寿命预测模型,阐明其与连续介质损伤力学的联系,评估应力三轴度对预测模型的影响,并通过试验和数值计算相结合的方法确定出微米尺度球栅阵列(Ball grid array,BGA)结构单颗Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu无铅焊点(高度为500～100 μm,焊盘直径为480 μm)疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展模型中的相关常数。研究结果表明,疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展循环数与每个循环所产生的塑性应变能密度均呈幂函数关系;应力三轴度会影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并最终影响焊点的疲劳寿命;应力三轴度与加载方式有关,拉伸载荷下焊点的应力应变行为受异种材料界面和封装结构力学约束作用的影响,应力三轴度随焊点高度降低而明显升高;而剪切载荷作用下焊点中的力学约束十分有限,焊点高度变化对应力三轴度的影响非常小;测得的高度为100 μm焊点的疲劳裂纹扩展相关常数可以很好地用于预测其他不同高度焊点的疲劳寿命,表明所提出的预测模型可以有效地减小由几何结构和体积变化造成的塑性应变能集中现象对焊点疲劳寿命的影响。     

不锈钢焊接件低周疲劳固有耗散分析

采用数字图像相关(DIC)技术和红外热成像技术测量了310S不锈钢焊接接头低周疲劳过程中的变形和表面温度场,其中,DIC技术用于观察焊接接头局部变形的不均匀性,红外热成像技术提供样品表面的温度场分布。结果表明:在高应力区域,疲劳失效主要发生在焊接接头处;在低应力区域,疲劳失效主要发生在母材区。通过求解局部热扩散方程计算获得的试件表面的固有耗散分布可用于预测裂纹萌生位置。     

B4C/6061Al复合材料焊接接头组织与力学性能研究*

基于碳化硼中¹⁰B同位素优良的热中子吸收能力,铝基碳化硼复合材作为中子吸收材料越来越多的应用于核电站中。但碳化硼颗粒的加入使该材料的可焊性变差,因此研究其焊接行为变得十分必要。采用钨极氩弧焊(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding,FSW)对体积分数为30%的B₄C/6061Al复合材料进行焊接,研究不同焊接方法、焊缝填充材料对复合材料对接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响。B₄C/6061Al复合材料焊接接头拉伸性能如下：FSW焊>TIG焊(Al-Si焊丝)>TIG焊(6061Al焊丝)>TIG焊(6061Al-Mg焊丝)>TIG焊(无填充)。TIG焊缝区容易产生气孔、B₄C颗粒分布不均匀及有害生成相是导致其力学性能不佳的主要原因。FSW可以有效避免基体金属与增强相的高温化学反应,使得焊缝区的晶粒细化,增强相颗粒的分布比TIG焊均匀,为30%B₄C/6061Al复合材料最佳焊接方法,其接头的室温拉伸强度达247 MPa,为母材强度的85%。     

20#钢管全位置A-TIG焊接接头组织及性能的研究

采用A-TIG焊接技术对20#钢Ф57mm×5mm的管子进行全位置焊接,对得到的焊接接头进行射线探伤和力学性能测试,结果表明,接头质量均达到标准要求,接头的显微组织优于普通TIG焊接接头。A-TIG这一新型高效的焊接技术对于管子焊接安装、提高效率、降低成本具有极大的工程意义。     

焊后热处理对30CrMnSiNi2A钢电子束焊接件疲劳行为的影响

电子束局部热处理是一种新型的热处理方式，探讨其对电子束焊接接头组织和疲劳性能的影响规律具有十分重要的实际意义。文中采用CT(紧凑拉伸)试样，对30CrMnSiNi2A钢电子束焊接后焊态、焊后炉内整体热处理和电子束局部热处理三种焊接接头焊缝与母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行试验研究；并测定上述两个部位的门槛值。结合金相组织分析，讨论焊后热处理对接头疲劳行为的影响。试验结果表明，电子束局部热处理和整体热处理都能够在一定程度上改善焊接接头的组织和近门槛值处抗疲劳裂纹扩展的能力。由于电子束局部热处理具有方便、省时、节省能源和提高生产率的优点，因而具有较大的应用潜力和研究价值。     

Evaluation of crack nucleation site and mechanical properties for friction stir welded butt joint in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

In this paper, metallographic observations, hardness measurement, and static and fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the discontinuity states which become crack nucleation sites in friction stir welded butt joints in 2-mm-thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy and static and fatigue properties of the joint. Because different types of surface finish can be used depending on the application of the joint, several types of surface conditions were tested to evaluate their effect on crack nucleation sites and static and fatigue life. Indentation hardness tests revealed that typical hardness reduction is not necessarily observed on the section of the welding line. Based on fatigue test results, it was confirmed that there are several types of crack nucleation sites for friction stir welding (FSW) joints depending on the surface finish, and the features of the fracture surface also differ depending on the site. Furthermore, the type of discontinuity state affects the fatigue life of the FSW joint.     

Fatigue Resistance and Failure Behavior of Penetration and Non-Penetration Laser Welded Lap Joints

Penetration and non-penetration lap laser welding is the joining method for assembling side facade panels of railway passenger cars,while their fatigue performances and the difference between them are not completely understood.In this study,the fatigue resistance and failure behavior of penetration 1.5+0.8-P and non-penetration 0.8+1.5-N laser welded lap joints prepared with 0.8 mm and 1.5 mm cold-rolled 301L plates were investigated.The weld beads showed a solidification microstructure of primary ferrite with good thermal cracking resistance,and their hardness was lower than that of the plates.The 1.5+0.8-P joint exhibited better fatigue resistance to low stress amplitudes,whereas the 0.8+1.5-N joint showed greater resistance to high stress amplitudes.The failure modes of 0.8+1.5-N and 1.5+0.8-P joints were 1.5 mm and 0.8 mm lower lap plate fracture,respectively,and the primary cracks were initiated at welding fusion lines on the lap surface.There were long plastic ribs on the penetration plate fracture,but not on the non-penetration plate fracture.The fatigue resistance stresses in the crack initiation area of the penetration and non-penetration plates calculated based on the mean fatigue limits are 408 MPa and 326 MPa,respectively,which can be used as reference stress for the fatigue design of the laser welded structures.The main reason for the difference in fatigue performance between the two laser welded joints was that the asymmetrical heating in the non-penetration plate thickness resulted in higher residual stress near the welding fusion line.