孔板消减往复式压缩机气流脉动的实验研究

孔板是抑制往复式压缩机气流脉动的常见设备。目前已有不少文章对孔板的孔径比、开孔数等参数进行了研究,但未对孔板孔内角对气流脉动的影响进行过实验研究。通过搭建往复式压缩机气流脉动实验平台,测量管道压力不均匀度,研究孔板孔径比、开口角度对压力不均匀度的影响,得出相应的压力不均匀度变化曲线,首次通过实验研究孔板孔径比、开口角度对气体压力损失的影响。研究发现正内角孔板对气流脉动消减能力好于负内角孔板;综合考虑孔板对气流脉动的消减能力和孔板造成的压力损失,得到孔板最佳尺寸参数为孔径比0.5。     

垂直筛板流化床中FCC催化剂的流化性能

以FCC催化剂颗粒研究垂直筛板流化床内构件对气固两相流化性能的影响,考察了板孔气速、颗粒循环量和帽罩开孔比等筛板结构对流化床压降和提升量强度的影响. 结果表明,气固两相总体逆流流动条件下,帽罩内气速达4 m/s,气固高速并流喷射无气泡,两相接触好、返混小,属快速流态化. 由于没有气泡,床层压力波动小,在塔板上颗粒返混小. 垂直筛板压降随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度增大而增大,随帽罩开孔比、板孔径增大而减小,颗粒提升量大,床层压降大. 提升量强度随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度、颗粒循环量增加而增大,随帽罩高度与塔节高度比增大而减少,随帽罩筛孔孔径变化存在最大值. 当帽罩开孔比为1.2~2.5、板孔面积与帽罩截面积比为0.42、帽罩底隙高与板孔孔径比为0.36~0.64时帽罩流化性能较好.     

CR和SBR动态力学性能和声学性能

研究了氯丁橡胶(CR)和丁苯橡胶(SBR)的动态力学性能，计算了剪切波速率。结果表明，SBR的反声效果好，适合用做声障板材料。     

首级可调节多级多孔孔板阻力特性研究

对一种首级可调节多级多孔孔板的阻力特性进行了理论和实验研究。结果表明,多级多孔复杂孔板在湍流平方区范围内的整体阻力系数趋势与理论估算基本一致,平稳性较好;受相邻孔板之间脉动、旋流影响,不同首级孔径情况下的整体阻力系数理论估算值略大于实验值,偏差在6.96%～8.45%之间;整体阻力系数主要受首级孔板的影响,且随孔径的增加而减小,理论计算方法可用于复杂孔板阻力系数的初步估算,但需要进行适当的系数修正。     

基于近场动力学方法的含缺陷板Ⅰ型应力强度因子计算

针对含多缺陷板脆性断裂问题,引入非局部近场动力学理论,结合J积分计算含缺陷板Ⅰ型应力强度因子。通过含Ⅰ型单裂纹脆性板以及系列含等长双裂纹板的应力强度因子计算,验证该方法的可行性和计算精度。进一步应用于含不等长双裂纹、含孔及孔边裂纹脆性板的应力强度因子计算,验证了该方法对于计算含复杂缺陷板Ⅰ型应力强度因子的适用性,并分析了裂纹位置和长度及孔径等多缺陷板裂尖应力强度因子的影响。     

城镇燃气管道带压封堵局部应力分析

城镇燃气管道的安全运行是城镇居民安全用气的保障,针对城镇燃气管道泄漏带压封堵产生的局部应力问题,以补板修复方法为例,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,分析内压、补板厚度和泄漏孔孔径等因素对孔结构受力的影响规律.结果表明:随着内压的增大,管道的边缘随之发生屈服,管道整体随内压呈正线性相关变化.当补口处的补板长度一定时,该位置处的补板厚度与局部应力成负相关,而与承载极限成正相关.对于开孔边缘,孔径的大小对其应力值影响最大,随着孔径的增大,其应力不断增大,直至屈服;同时孔径的大小对于孔板的交界处以及补板的内侧相对来说影响较小.     

水力空化对亚甲基蓝的去除研究

采用多孔孔板水力空化器对亚甲基蓝进行去除实验。研究了温度、入口压力、空化时间与孔径、孔数对亚甲基蓝去除效果的影响,探讨了水力空化去除亚甲基蓝机理。结果表明,水力空化对亚甲基蓝的去除效果随着时间的增加而增强,随着入口压力与温度的增大先增强后减弱,亚甲基蓝去除的优化条件为:入口压力0.35 MPa,时间4.0 h,温度35℃。对于排布与孔个数相同而孔径不同的孔板空化器,小孔径的孔板空化器可以提高亚甲基蓝的去除效果。对于流动面积相同而孔数不同的孔板空化器,多孔数的孔板空化器可以提高亚甲基蓝的去除效果。水力空化去除亚甲基蓝的机理是羟基自由基的氧化降解作用。     

加氢装置紧急泄压限流孔板孔径校核方法

本文介绍了一种加氢装置紧急泄压限流孔板孔径的校核计算方法,采用该方法可验证测试孔板孔径是否可达到规定的泄压速率,并进一步计算实际需要的孔板孔径。     

基于流场分析的限流孔板设计

限流孔板作为特殊的管道附件,具有结构简单、易加工、制造成本低、安装方便等优点。它对于管道流量以及压力有很好的限制作用,因此对其孔径的计算有一定的精度要求。本文利用限流孔板常用的计算分析方法,对石油化工品装车过程中限流孔板的孔径经行计算,并结合相关CFD流场分析软件对选取孔径下的孔板进行模拟分析,从而验证孔径的选取是否合理,对设计工作具有借鉴意义。     

添加造孔剂法制备多孔陶瓷及其强度与孔径控制

采用添加造孔剂法制备了多孔陶瓷.系统地研究了造孔剂种类、粘结剂含量、球磨时间、烧结制度对多孔陶瓷强度及开口孔隙率的影响,以及钠长石含量对多孔陶瓷孔径分布的影响.结果表明,不同造孔剂对多孔陶瓷强度的影响不同.并且在球磨时间为12h之前,随着球磨时间的延长,多孔陶瓷的强度呈增加趋势.而随着钠长石含量的增加,多孔陶瓷的孔径呈减小的趋势.     

Mechanical/thermal dewatering of lignite. Part 3: Physical properties and pore structure of MTE product coals

The mechanical thermal dewatering (MTE) process has been shown to effectively dewater high moisture content low rank coals via the application of mechanical force at elevated temperatures.Using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) as an investigative tool, this study examines how MTE processing conditions, such as temperature and pressure, affect the compressibility, pore size distribution, apparent (skeletal) density and shrinkage behaviour of three low rank coals sourced from Australia, Greece and Germany. As both pore filling and sample compression occurred at high mercury intrusion pressures, all MIP data were corrected for compression effects by using compressibility values derived from mercury extrusion data.The MTE process is shown to produce a low porosity coal, which, depending upon the processing conditions used, undergoes further shrinkage upon oven drying at 105 °C. An increase in MTE temperature (above about 85 °C) led to an increase in mesopore volume, which is caused by a hardening of the coal structure, leading to pore volume retention and a consequent reduction in percent shrinkage on oven drying. The increase in measured mesopore volume is also associated with an increase in measured surface area.The reverse trend is seen with increasing MTE pressure, where both the macro and mesopore volume decrease with pressure, causing the percent shrinkage to increase accordingly. This effect may be due to an increase in capillary forces caused by a decrease in the average pore diameter. The percent shrinkage increased up to a pore volume of about 0.1 cm³/g, beyond which no further reduction in pore volume was achieved. The decrease in mesopore volume is also associated with a decrease in measured surface area.Compressibility values derived from mercury extrusion data show that the MTE process has little impact on the network strength of the skeletal network structure of all three coals investigated. Likewise, the skeletal density remained relatively unchanged.The reduction in water content, pore volume and the changes in shrinkage behaviour under increasingly severe MTE conditions are suggestive of the physical changes that accompany increased coalification (rank) within the lignitic range.     

蒸馏水含量对三明治结构硬质聚氨酯泡沫性能的影响

采用异氰酸酯、聚酯多元醇、发泡剂（水）等原料通过一体发泡成型技术制备出一种新型的三明治泡沫夹心复合材料。利用热重分析、扫描电子显微镜等对不同水含量（质量分数分别为0、0.5 %和1.0 %）的硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料的泡孔直径、密度、热导率、压缩性能、三点弯曲和热力学性能等做了研究,进而确定提高硬质聚氨酯性能的最佳工艺。结果表明,随着水含量的增加,硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料泡孔直径增大,密度变小,热导率降低,保温性能提高,而压缩性能和三点弯曲却呈下降趋势;综合考虑硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料泡孔结构和良好的保温隔热及弯曲等力学性能,其最佳含水量为0.5 %。     

A Numerical Study of Structural Change and Anisotropic Permeability in Compressed Carbon Cloth Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers

The effect of compression on the actual structure and transport properties of the carbon cloth gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are studied here. Structural features of GDL samples compressed in the 0.0–100.0 MPa range are encapsulated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and by employing X‐ray micro‐tomography to reconstruct direct digital 3D models. Pore size distribution (PSD) and porosity data are acquired directly from these models while permeability, degree of anisotropy and tortuosity are determined through lattice Boltzmann (LB) numerical modelling. The structural models reveal that structural change proceeds through a three‐step process, while PSD data suggests a characteristic peak in the pore diameter of 10–14 μm and a decrease in the mean pore diameter from 33 to 12 μm over the range of tested pressures. A mathematical relationship between compression pressure and permeability is determined based on the Kozeny–Carman equation, revealing a one order of magnitude reduction in through‐plane permeability for a two order of magnitude increase in pressure. The results also reveal that the degree of anisotropy peaks in the range of 0.3–10.0 MPa, suggesting that in‐plane permeability can be maximised relative to through‐plane permeability within a material‐specific range of compression pressures.     

Study on the activity and stability of urease immobilized onto nanoporous alumina membranes

Nanoporous alumina membranes were employed as substrate materials for urease immobilization. Anodic porous alumina was prepared by the two-step anodization of high purity aluminum. By controlling anodization conditions, the nanoporous structure with desired dimension was obtained. Urease immobilization onto nanoporous alumina membranes was performed by four different protocols. Effect of pore diameter, pore length and immobilization methods on the activity and stability of immobilized enzyme was discussed in detail. The results show that the enzymes immobilized onto porous alumina with big pore diameter possess high activity and poor stability as compared to small pore diameter. The effect of pore length is complicated, the activity of enzyme increases with the increasing pore length for big pore size; while for correspondingly small pore size, enzymatic activity slightly depends on pore length. The immobilization methods have a slight effect on enzymatic activity, whereas enzyme immobilization by chitosan coating and reticulation with glutaraldehyde exhibits a good long-term stability as compared to that only via physical adsorption.     

南京地区粉土的不排水三轴压缩试验

通过全自动三轴仪进行了南京地区粉土的三轴不排水的试验,研究了围压和干密度对应力-应变曲线、孔隙水压力曲线和有效主应力比曲线的影响.试验表明:高围压状态下粉土试样呈现出弱应变软化型,而低围压状态下呈现出应变稳定型;低围压下试样在加载初期产生正孔隙水压力,随后产生负孔隙水压力,其后基本保持稳定;干密度越大,主应力差峰值越大,表现出较大的剪胀性,孔隙水压力易出现负孔隙水压力;干密度值较高时,土样处于密实状态,表现出剪胀特性,有效主应力比-应变曲线近于应变软化型;围压较低、干密度较大时,试样易表现出软化特征,试样出现剪切带破坏,强度明显下降.     

Effects of compression on the textural properties of porous solids

This work deals with the analysis of the effects of compression in the textural properties, the crystallinity and the packing density of porous solids. It has been found that compression produces the decrease of both, the pore volume and the interparticle voids of porous solids. The reduction of the pore volume depends on the mechanical strength of the material. Activated carbons and inorganic porous oxides with a high mechanical strength, show a relatively low reduction of their pore volume, while porous solids in which the pore walls are constituted by organic frameworks, like MOF-5, have a lower mechanical strength and thus, their porous texture is largely affected by compression. In general terms, an increasing compressive pressure produces the removal of pores in the following sequence: mesopores, broad micropores and narrow micropores. Thus, compression of porous materials could be considered as a procedure to tailor the pore volume and the pore size distribution of porous solids. The results obtained in this work allow affirming that, in the preparation of adsorbent materials, together with the development of a high specific pore volume or a specific surface area, the behaviour upon compactatation must, undoubtedly, be taken into account.     

成胶条件对硫酸铝法制备拟薄水铝石性能的影响

考察了硫酸铝法制备拟薄水铝石成胶过程中pH、温度以及反应物浓度等因素对拟薄水铝石性能的影响。结果表明,不同的成胶条件对产物的物性影响较大,pH的大小决定产物的晶型,在pH为6.5～8.5可得到较纯净的拟薄水铝石,高pH下的产物是三水铝石,低pH(pH6.0)得到结晶度很低的无定形水合氧化铝;提高成胶温度,产物的比表面积以及孔容都会有明显的提高;在考察的浓度范围,改变浓度对产物的晶型影响不大,但比表面积、孔容以及平均孔径均会有所下降。在合适的成胶条件下可制得纯净的拟薄水铝石,可在一定的范围通过调节试验参数控制拟薄水铝石的堆积密度、比表面积、孔容和孔径等物化性能。     

不同制备工艺的铜基合成甲醇催化剂的性能及结构

探讨不同制备工艺条件对Cu基合成甲醇催化剂性能的影响。分别采用反加共沉淀法、反加共沉淀法+助剂、并流法和并流法+助剂制备了4种催化剂样品,考察催化剂性能的变化,并对助剂在催化剂合成过程中所起的作用进行推测,采用X射线衍射、低温N₂吸附和扫描电子显微镜等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Cu基甲醇合成催化剂制备过程中加入助剂可以调整催化剂的孔径分布和表面组分分布,催化剂组成确定后,催化剂制备过程采用并流法+助剂制备的样品,孔径分布更合理,ZnO组分晶粒尺寸较小,Cu和Zn组分间相互接触的几率更大,催化剂性能更好。     

EXAFS study on the sulfidation behavior of Pd, Pt and Pd–Pt catalysts supported on amorphous silica and high-silica USY zeolite

The sulfur tolerance of monometallic Pd, Pt and bimetallic Pd–Pt catalysts supported on slightly acidic ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolite (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 390) and on non-acidic silica, having mesopores with a pore diameter of 3 or 10 nm, were investigated using the CO adsorption method and the extended X-ray adsorption fine structure (EXAFS) method. Well-dispersed noble metal particles supported on USY zeolite and silica with an average pore diameter of 3 nm showed high surface sulfur tolerance and high catalytic hydrogenation activity, although bulk phase sulfidation simultaneously occurred. The synergistic effects of sulfur tolerance were significant in the bimetallic Pd–Pt particles supported on USY zeolite and silica with an average pore diameter of 3 nm. On the other hand, on silica with an average pore diameter of 10 nm, the surface sulfur tolerance of low dispersed noble metals was the lowest, although its bulk phase sulfur tolerance was the highest. The Pd K-edge and Pt L_III-edge EXAFS spectra indicated a strong interaction between the well-dispersed noble metal particles and the supports of the USY zeolite and silica with an average pore diameter of 3 nm. This distorted structure may increase the sulfur tolerance of noble metals, though some surface and bulk phase sulfidation simultaneously occurred.     

Evaluation of electrospun nanofiber pore structure parameters

Nanofibers produced by electrospinning method are widely used for drug delivery, as tissue scaffolding materials and filtration purposes where specific pore characteristics are required. For continued growth in these areas, it is critical that the nanofibers be properly designed for these applications to prevent failure. Most of the current methods only provide an indirect way of determining pore structure parameters and contain inherent disadvantages. In this study, we developed a novel image analysis method for measuring pore characteristics of electrospun nanofiber webs. Five electrospun webs with different pore characteristics were analyzed by this method. The method is direct, very fast, and presents valuable and comprehensive information regarding pore structure parameters of the webs. Two sets of simulated images were generated to study the effects of web density, fiber diameter and its variations on pore characteristics. The results indicated that web density and fiber diameter significantly influence the pore characteristics, whereas the effect of fiber diameter variations was insignificant.