低氧接触氧化/微曝气人工湿地工艺净化污染河水

采用低溶解氧接触氧化与微曝气垂直流人工湿地的组合工艺对滇池入湖污染河水进行处理,以解决人工湿地在高负荷下运行时易堵塞和效率低的问题。结果表明,在低溶解氧条件下接触氧化反应器对SS、COD的平均去除率分别为86.2%和57.4%,且运行稳定。新型轮换式微曝气系统的开发与应用使垂直流人工湿地中的溶解氧环境得到了改善,悬浮物及脱落的生物膜在气流作用下不易沉降堵塞,在气水比为1∶1的条件下湿地的进水氨氮负荷可达15 g/(m2.d),平均去除率为89.6%,硝化效率明显提高。TN的去除主要依靠湿地内部的硝化/反硝化作用,轮换式曝气使溶解氧梯度随时间和空间而变化,当出水溶解氧为2~4 mg/L时,湿地单元对TN的平均去除率为40.6%。该组合工艺整体运行稳定,除污效率高,为污染河水的净化提供了一种新的方法。     

低温、低气水比下SBBR反应器处理微污染原水研究

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),以河道底泥制成的陶粒为填料,在低温、低气水比下处理微污染河水。结果发现:当温度为4～10℃、气水比为0.25∶1时,SBBR反应器对浊度、CODMn和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为65.3%、35.4%和87.7%,与同气水比和常温(20～25℃)下的去除率接近,出水浊度为5.2～23.1 NTU、CODMn为2.7～4.1 mg/L、NH4+-N<0.5 mg/L;由于采用序批式运行,反应器内生物膜分布均匀、溶解氧充足、长期运行无需反冲洗、生物量大并有利于世代长的微生物生长,这均有利于保持低温、低气水比下对污染物的去除效果。     

循环移动载体生物膜反应器的试验研究

文中提出的循环移动载体生物膜反应器,对传统移动床生物膜反应器的运行方式和池型结构进行了改造,使水力流动特性进一步改善,提高了处理效果。在清水条件下研究了反应器的水力流动、接触反应和曝气充氧特征,并通过试验研究了该工艺处理有机废水的性能和效果。     

污泥气循环UASB反应器的启动及循环时间的研究

试验研究了常温条件下污泥气循环UASB反应器对低浓度城市生活污水的处理效率及污泥气循环方式对处理效率的影响.结果表明：在常温条件下,该反应器CODCr容积负荷可达到5.0 kg/（m3·d）,运行稳定、出水清澈,CODCr去除率可达80％以上;同时,研究表明污泥气循环时间对UASB反应器的稳定运行有着重要的影响.     

异波折板厌氧反应器处理城市污水的中试研究

利用异波折板多级两相厌氧反应器处理低温、低浓度城市污水.通过科学地设计反应器结构,实现了系统内相分离;通过回流和进水调控,可有效地避免有机酸积累,实现系统内良好的水力条件和生化反应条件,进而达到有机污染物去除的高效性.中试结果表明,在水温为12℃、水力停留时间为8 h时,对SS和COD的去除率分别为81.8%和57.1%,不仅具有良好的处理效果,而且运行稳定.     

一体式膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷效能研究

采用一体式膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水,考察了不同溶解氧浓度下的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,在低溶解氧条件下,膜生物反应器在有效去除有机物的同时还取得了较好的脱氮除磷效果.当控制反应器内溶解氧为0.5 ms/L左右时,进水COD为342～2 500 mg/L.出水COD平均为31.71 mg/L,对COD的去除率可达95%以上;进水TP为4.08～31.45 mg/L,出水TP70%.当溶解氧>2 mg/L时,进水COD为161.3～453.4 mg/L,出水COD为8.32～21.9 mg/L,去除率最高可达99.08%;进水TN为22.52～57.9 mg/L,出水TN为16.3l～24.49 mg/L,对TN的去除率大多为30%～40%;进水TP平均为4.48 mg/L,出水TP大部分在1.0 ms/L以上,去除率为48.07%～93.22%.     

溶解氧和污泥负荷对生物膜污泥产量的影响

采用生物膜反应器处理人工配制生活污水,考察了反应器中可控因子溶解氧(DO)、污泥负荷(F/M)对系统污泥产率的影响。试验中分别考察了DO为1mg/L、3mg/L和5mg/L以及污泥负荷为0.3d-1、0.6d-1和0.9d-1时系统的污泥产率变化情况。根据试验结果发现,在相同污泥负荷条件下,随着生物膜反应器中DO的升高,污泥产率呈现降低的趋势;在同一个DO水平下,系统的污泥产率随着污泥负荷的升高而升高。以菌胶团内DO和基质浓度的分布示意图为基础,对DO和污泥负荷影响系统污泥产率的现象进行了理论分析。     

生物接触氧化法的同步硝化反硝化影响因素研究

研究了生物接触氧化法同步硝化反硝化系统中HRT、DO、COD及生物膜厚度对脱氮效率的影响.结果表明:在DO=2.0 mg/L的条件下,出水COD、TN、NH+4-N值随HRT的增加呈下降趋势,在HRT达到8 h时,出水COD、TN、NH+4-N值趋于稳定,去除率分别为94%、55.9%和73.3%;5-DO为2.0～4.0 mg/L范围内,对TN的去除率随着反应器内DO浓度的降低呈上升趋势,保持较好脱氮率的溶解氧为2.5～3.0 mg/L;进水COD为400 mg/L时,系统对TN、NH+4-N的去除率及容积去除率都处在较高水平,对TN的平均去除率达到60%;生物膜厚度对同步硝化反硝化有较大影响,增加生物膜厚度有利于同步硝化反硝化的进行.     

一体化间歇曝气多级生物膜反应器处理低温、低浓污水

采用新型一体化间歇曝气多级生物膜反应器处理低浓度小城镇污水,重点考察了冬季低温(5～8℃)对反应器处理效能的影响,以及采用分级间歇曝气方式能否解决连续流生物膜反应器除磷效能低的问题。试验结果表明:在水温为5～8℃、有机负荷为0.5 kgCOD/(m3.d)、氮负荷为0.12 kgN/(m3.d)、DO为6.0 mg/L、HRT为6.0 h、挂膜密度为30%,以及第一、二级生物膜反应区的停曝与曝气时间比均为1.0 h/2.0 h的条件下,处理平均COD为120 mg/L、TN为30mg/L、NH4+-N为27 mg/L、PO43--P为1.9 mg/L的低浓度城镇污水,可使出水COD≤35 mg/L,NH4+-N≤3.3 mg/L,TN≤19 mg/L,PO43--P≤0.8 mg/L,达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准。     

余氯量与AOC含量对配水管网管壁生物膜生长的影响

试验考察了我国北方某市饮用水配水管网中细菌的再生长情况.结果表明78%的管网水样中悬浮细菌的数量高于500 CFU/mL.通过可以模拟配水管网水力条件的生物膜反应器研究了在游离氯、氯氨和AOC影响下悬浮细菌量与管壁生物膜的生物量之间的定量关系.测试结果表明生物膜的脱落过程可通过一级动力学模型描述.生物膜在余氯量为0.05～0.5 mg/L的范围内仍会生长,0.05 mg/L的余氯量对生物膜的生长无显著影响,在1.0 mg/L以上的余氯量条件下生物膜的生物量低于检出限.AOC浓度对于生物膜的生长有显著影响.     

Acetate removal in sewer biofilms under aerobic conditions

Removal of acetate has been investigated in sewer biofilms by continuous-flow biofilm reactor studies simulating the conditions in a gravity sewer. Non-steady-state conditions are prevailing in sewers, due to periodic variations in substrate concentrations. In order to simulate two extreme situations in a gravity sewer, biofilms defined as high-loaded and low-loaded, respectively, were grown by continuously feeding wastewater to the reactors with and without supplementary addition of acetate. During short-term experiments with high acetate concentrations (1-2 h), surface removal rates of acetate and dissolved oxygen (DO) and observed yield coefficients were determined, as well as the influence of DO concentration on acetate removal rates. The low-loaded biofilms showed very high acetate removal rates in short-term experiments at high acetate concentrations. The DO uptake rates were low, resulting in an average observed yield coefficient of 0.79 g biomass produced per gram acetate (as chemical oxygen demand, COD) consumed. This indicated a luxury uptake by the cells probably for storage inside the cells or for production of extracellular polymeric substances. The high-loaded biofilms showed lower acetate removal rates during the short-term experiments, with an average yield coefficient of 0.49 g biomass produced per gram acetate (as COD) consumed. The level of the acetate removal rates seemed to be related to the structure of the biofilm. The highest acetate removal rates were found for the low-loaded biofilm, where the biofilm was very hairy with 'streamers" with a length of 8-9 mm. At low acetate removal rates (high-loaded biofilm), the "streamer" lengths were only 3-5 mm. The surface removal rates for acetate and DO seemed to follow 1/2 order approximations to biofilm kinetics. For a DO of 0.8 and 6.0 g/m3, the limiting acetate concentrations were about 34 and 20 g-COD/m3, respectively. Under real gravity sewer conditions, the typical concentration ranges for acetate and DO are at levels where any of them may be rate-limiting for microbial acetate removal.     

新型一体化生物反应器的同步脱氮除磷影响因素研究

为了提高对污水的处理效能,设计了一种新型一体化生物反应器并采用其处理生活污水,研究了DO和HRT对同步脱氮除磷效果的影响,并探讨了其实现机理。试验结果表明：在进水COD为290～510mg／L、MLSS为2500mg／L、污泥龄为15d以及好氧区和缺氧区的溶解氧分别为2mg／L和0．2mg／L时,系统的脱氮除磷效果较好,对TN、TP的去除率分别可达80％和90％,DO过高或过低都会影响同步脱氮除磷的效果。控制DO为最优值,并保持其他操作条件相同,当HRT为12h时对总氮和总磷的去除率均在80％以上,随着HRT的延长,同步脱氮除磷效果反而下降。该一体化反应器集厌氧、缺氧和好氧区为一体,在一定的运行条件下能够实现同步脱氮除磷,是处理生活污水的有效方法。     

溶解氧浓度对A~2/O工艺运行的影响

以城市污水厂中最常采用的A2/O工艺为研究对象,开展了处理实际生活污水的研究,系统探讨了DO浓度对该工艺运行的影响。结果表明,当好氧区的DO平均浓度从4.0 mg/L降低至1.0 mg/L时,对COD的去除基本不受影响;而系统的硝化效果逐渐降低,但是低DO浓度引发的SND等作用,使得对TN的去除率反而逐渐升高。单纯从生物脱氮的角度考虑,A2/O工艺可以在DO为1.0～2.0 mg/L之间运行。不过低DO浓度运行对生物除磷效果的影响很大,在DO为1.0 mg/L时,除磷效率逐渐下降,这是由于供氧不足引发了生物除磷性能的恶性循环。另外,低DO浓度运行还引发系统中的污泥发生了微膨胀现象,在污泥微膨胀期间出水SS<5 mg/L。就总体的运行情况而言,不同于A/O等单纯脱氮工艺,A2/O工艺不宜在DO<2.0 mg/L的条件下运行,否则需要引入化学除磷。     

低DO下曝气方式对分段进水脱氮工艺的影响

采用分段进水生物脱氮工艺处理小区生活污水,考察了在低DO条件下,不同曝气方式对硝化率及污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明,在曝气量为0．27m^3／h、MLSS平均为2700mg／L左右、好氧区的DO为0．26～2．5mg／L的条件下,当进水氨氮为44～55mg／L时,对氨氮的去除率保持在95％以上,对COD的去除率〉90％;当控制好氧区第1、2格室的DO分别为0．5～0．7和1．0～1．2mg／L时,系统的硝化率维持在90％以上,出水中的氨氮〈2mg／L;在恒定曝气量下,向进水中投加有机碳源,当水质改变较快时,容易引起丝状菌污泥膨胀,但通过恒DO曝气控制,可使污泥的沉降性能得到改善。     

Chemisorption of oxygen onto activated carbon can enhance the stability of biological perchlorate reduction in fixed bed biofilm reactors

Fixed bed biofilm reactors with granular activated carbon (GAC) or glass beads as support media were used to evaluate the influence of short-term (12h) and long-term (23 days) increases of influent dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on biological perchlorate removal. The goal was to evaluate the extent by which chemisorption of oxygen to GAC can enhance the stability of biological perchlorate reduction. Baseline influent concentrations were 50 microg/L of perchlorate, 2 mg/L of acetate as C, and 1mg/L of DO. Perchlorate removal in the glass bead reactor seized immediately after increasing influent DO concentrations from 1 to 4 mg/L since glass beads have no sorptive capacity. In the biologically active carbon (BAC) reactor, chemisorption of oxygen to GAC removed a substantial fraction of the influent DO, and perchlorate removal was maintained during short-term increases of influent DO levels up to 8 mg/L. During long-term exposure to influent DO concentrations of 8.5mg/L, effluent perchlorate and DO concentrations increased slowly. Subsequent exposure of the BAC reactor bed to low DO concentrations partially regenerated the capacity for oxygen chemisorption. Microbial analyses indicated similar microbial communities in both reactors, which confirmed that the differences in reactor performance during dynamic loading conditions could be attributed to the sorptive properties of GAC. Using a sorptive biofilm support medium can enhance biological perchlorate removal under dynamic loading conditions.     

利用藻类生物膜技术处理生活污水研究

采用藻类生物膜工艺处理生活污水,着重考察了对氮、磷的去除效果。结果表明,在静态试验中,当光照度为3 500 lx时藻类生物膜工艺对氮、磷的去除效果明显,对总磷、TN、氨氮、COD的去除率分别达到了98.17%、88%、89%、93.61%。在24 d的动态连续流试验中,当水力停留时间为5 d时藻类生物膜装置处理效果稳定,其中出水TP平均浓度为0.42 mg/L,平均去除率达到了95.38%;出水TN和NH3-N平均浓度分别为4.22 mg/L和2.16 mg/L,平均去除率分别为83.93%和82.38%;出水COD平均浓度为38.34 mg/L,平均去除率达到了92.31%。出水TP、TN、氨氮和COD浓度均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）的一级A标准。     

Model-based evaluation of temperature and inflow variations on a partial nitrification-ANAMMOX biofilm process

A mathematical model describing nitrification (nitritification plus nitratification) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) combined in a biofilm reactor was developed. Based on this model, a previously proposed one-reactor completely autotrophic ammonium removal over nitrite (CANON) process was evaluated for its temperature dependency and behaviour under variable inflow. The temperature-dependency of growth rates of the involved organisms is described by an Arrhenius-type equation. If temperature decreases, the activities of the involved organisms decrease. This means that thicker biofilms are needed or the ammonium surface load (ASL) to the biofilm should be decreased to maintain full N-removal at lower temperatures. Although the growth rate of nitrite oxidisers is higher than that of ammonium oxidisers at lower temperatures, these organisms can be effectively competed out due to a lower oxygen affinity. Variable inflow or dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration negatively affect the N-removal efficiency due to an unbalance between applied ASL load and required oxygen concentration. A variation of the dissolved oxygen concentration in a small range (+/- 0.2g O2/m3) has no significant influence on the process performance, which means that requirements on electrode sensitivity and a DO control scheme are not too stringent. A variable ASL has obvious influence on the process performance, at both constant and variable DO. A good adjustment of DO in accordance with the variable ASL is needed to optimise the N-removal efficiency. At T = 20 degrees C, an N-removal efficiency of 88% is possible at ASL = 0.5 g NH4+ - N/mr2 d, in a biofilm of at least 0.7 mm thickness and a DO level of 0.3 g O2/m3 in the bulk liquid.     

Nitrogen removal from wastewater using membrane aerated microbial fuel cell techniques

Nitrogen removal mainly relies on sequential nitrification and denitrification in wastewater treatment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are innovative wastewater treatment techniques for pollution control and energy generation. In this study, bench-scale wastewater treatment systems using membrane-aerated MFC (MAMFC) and diffuser-aerated MFC (DAMFC) techniques were constructed for simultaneous removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants and electricity production from wastewater. During 210 days of continuous flow operation, when the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the cathodic compartment was kept at 2 mg/L, both reactors demonstrated high COD removal (>99%) and high ammonia removal (>99%) but low nitrogen removal (<20%). When a lower DO (0.5 mg/L) was maintained after day 121, both the MFC-based reactors still had excellent COD removal (>97%). However, the nitrogen removal of MAMFC (52%) was 2-fold higher than that of DAMFC (24%), indicating an enhanced performance of denitrification after DO reduction in the cathodic compartment of the MAMFC. Meanwhile, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) population in the MAMFC indicated the diversity of AOB with equally important Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas species present in the cathodic biofilm after DO reduction. The average voltage output in the MAMFC was significantly higher than that in DAMFC under both DO conditions. The results suggest that MAMFC systems have the potential for wastewater treatment with improved nitrogen removal and electricity production.     

曝气量对SBBR生物除磷的影响研究

为了考察曝气量对序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）除磷效果的影响,采用厌氧/好氧交替运行的方式,通过控制好氧反应过程中的曝气量,研究了不同曝气量时SBBR的好氧吸磷效果,以及不同曝气量对生物膜脱落量的影响,并推导了生物除磷过程中生物膜内溶解氧的扩散模型。结果表明,曝气量是影响生物除磷效果的一个重要因素,为了满足生物膜内聚磷菌对氧的需求量,加快氧的传递速率,增加活性生物膜的厚度,加快聚磷菌的好氧吸磷速率,必须提高液相主体中溶解氧的含量。选择适宜的曝气量能够促进生物膜的脱落与更新,起到调控污泥龄的作用,从而增强生物除磷的稳定性。