具有质热源的方腔内对流传热传质及其非线性特性

以火灾为背景,对一个带有质热源的方腔进行了研究。针对不同Ra,浮升力比Nc,S_r和D_f,探讨了腔内流体的传热传质规律及其非线性特性。结果表明,存在临界R{a}_{\mathrm{c}}使流体流动由导热驱动流动转变为对流驱动流动,随着Ra增大质热源表面传热传质强度增加,流体由稳态流动转为振荡流动。当Nc>-1时,对流传热系数和对流传质系数增大,流体由稳态转化为倍周期振荡,最后转化为混沌。增大S_r和D_f可增强传热传质能力。     

耦合表面张力的封闭腔体内管外自然对流传热特性

采用格子-玻尔兹曼方法（LBM）构建了考虑表面张力影响下封闭腔体内加热圆柱外自然对流数学模型。在分别对自然对流与表面张力模型模拟验证的基础上,探究了液固表面张力与重力场下浮升力同时作用下加热圆柱外流体自然对流的传热特性。结果表明,在给定Ra数下（10³≤Ra≤10⁶）,随着表面张力的增大（Oh数减小）,封闭腔体内管外自然对流扰动会加剧,流型会变复杂,壁面换热效率有明显提高。在Ra数为10⁵,长度比（加热圆柱半径和方腔长度之比）为1/10情况下,加入表面张力σ=0.076302N/mm（Oh=0.122）,腔体左侧壁面平均努塞尔数和加热圆柱壁面与未加表面张力相比分别提高了93.5%和60.35%。当表面张力大小和自然对流的浮升力相当时,此时的流场波动更加明显剧烈,在一定范围内增大浮升力反而减弱换热。     

微通道内低黏聚合物流体的停留时间分布研究

以低分子量的聚丙二醇为流动介质、酸性橙的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺溶液为示踪剂,采用脉冲响应法测定了螺旋型微通道（MC）反应器内的停留时间分布（RTD）,验证了平行多釜串联（PTIS）模型与RTD实验数据的匹配性,系统考察了MC长度和Reynolds数（Re）对RTD的影响,并讨论了流体径向速度分布指数y和Peclet数（Pe）的变化规律。结果表明,RTD随MC长度的增加而变窄。当通过降低黏度来增大Re时,RTD随之变窄。当通过增大流速来增大Re时,若管径较大,则RTD随之变窄。但若管径较小且管长不长时,则RTD随Re的增加而变宽;如管长较长,则RTD随Re（或流速）的增加先变宽后变窄,即存在临界Reynolds数（Re_c）。RTD的这些变化规律表明,二次流动和径向分子扩散对细小管径的MC的RTD有显著的影响。     

聚乙烯电熔接头工艺缺陷与力学相关性研究

采用超声相控阵检测技术（PA）测量不同焊接时间下聚乙烯管道电熔接头热影响区边缘宽度l,并通过挤压剥离试验、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）试验和差示扫描量热（DSC）试验分别测试接头熔融区脆性剥离百分比（C_c）、官能团组成和结晶度（X_c）,最终建立接头热影响区边缘线宽度l与焊接性能H_c的对应关系,实现电熔接头焊接性能的无损评价。结果表明,随着焊接时间t的增加,接头热影响区边缘呈指数增长趋势沿金属丝向外壁移动,接头焊接性能先逐渐提高后降低。当焊接时间t=50 s时,l=2.21 mm、X_c=53.03 %,此时接头焊接性能H_c达到最大值96.21 %,当t<40 s时,l和X_c偏低,接头出现冷焊缺陷;相反,当t>70 s时,接头熔融区金属丝出现错位现象,融合面的聚乙烯分子由于高温氧化反应而出现过焊缺陷,两者都会导致接头焊接性能下降。     

气液喷射器的结构设计与性能分析

喷射式环流反应器是一种高效的多相反应器,由于其具有良好的传热、传质和混合特性,目前已被广泛应用于生物、化学、制冷和环境保护等工程领域。气液喷射器作为喷射式环流反应器的核心部件之一,其结构尺寸对环流反应器的传质特性和适用环境都具有显著影响。为考察结构尺寸对喷射器性能的影响,本文根据其工作原理,设计了一台模试气液喷射器,并通过冷模试验对其进行性能测试研究。试验结果表明：气液喷射器的引气能力主要取决于其混合喉管与喷嘴出口截面比f₃/f₁以及喷射器进出口压力降Δp_p/Δp_c,而环流反应器的气含率仅与喷射器的液相射流量和气体引射量有关。相同液相流量条件下,喷射器的最大引射空气量随截面比f₃/f₁的增大而增大,反应器内的平均气含率随之增加;提高液相射流与引射气体的速度差能够加强两股流体间的剪切作用,使气泡更易发生破碎。当喷射器的气液比大于2.6时,反应器内的混合流体可达到乳化状态。     

错流旋转填料床的质、热同传性能及传热机理研究

为了研究错流旋转填料床的质、热同传性能,采用热空气-氨水体系,考察了进气温度T、超重力因子β、液体喷淋密度q和气速u对错流旋转填料床传热性能的影响,在相同实验条件下对比了丝网填料和乱堆填料的传热性能。研究结果表明：气相体积传质系数k_ya_e、体积传热系数(Ua)_s随进气温度、超重力因子、气速、液体喷淋密度的增大而增大;传热效率ε、传热面积A随超重力因子、气速、液体喷淋密度的增大而增大;传热系数K随超重力因子、气速、液体喷淋密度的增大几乎不变,从而揭示了错流旋转填料床强化气液直接传热的机理是通过提高传热面积进而提高体积传热系数,而不是显著提高传热系数。在相同条件下,以丝网为填料时k_ya_e和(Ua)_s分别是乱堆填料的1.09~1.63倍和1.24~3.53倍。     

非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器中流动与换热的实验研究

针对非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器管程的流动与换热进行了实验研究。重点研究了0.2%黄原胶溶液(XG)在不同波节套管换热器管程流动时的传热与阻力特性,并分析了强化传热机理。结果表明在相同工况下,随着管程黄原胶溶液Reynolds数Re_XG的增大,套管换热器总传热系数k和管程进出口压降Δp逐渐增大;波高H和波距S影响黄原胶溶液在套管换热器管程的流动与换热。随波高H增大,黄原胶溶液受波节处的涡旋效应的影响更明显,流体层间剪切力变大导致黄原胶溶液黏度变小,湍流程度更大,管程传热性能提高,压降也增大,但综合传热性能不断优化;随波距S增大,单位长度波节数量减少,对黄原胶溶液扰动影响降低,湍流程度降低,管程传热系数先增大后减小,流动阻力不断降低,综合传热性能先提高后减弱。当H=3.5 mm、S=30 mm时管程波节管的综合换热因子η_tube达到最大,η_tube是相同条件下圆管的5.11~6.69倍。     

非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器中流动与换热的实验研究

针对非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器管程的流动与换热进行了实验研究。重点研究了0.2%黄原胶溶液(XG)在不同波节套管换热器管程流动时的传热与阻力特性,并分析了强化传热机理。结果表明在相同工况下,随着管程黄原胶溶液Reynolds数Re_XG的增大,套管换热器总传热系数k和管程进出口压降Δp逐渐增大;波高H和波距S影响黄原胶溶液在套管换热器管程的流动与换热。随波高H增大,黄原胶溶液受波节处的涡旋效应的影响更明显,流体层间剪切力变大导致黄原胶溶液黏度变小,湍流程度更大,管程传热性能提高,压降也增大,但综合传热性能不断优化;随波距S增大,单位长度波节数量减少,对黄原胶溶液扰动影响降低,湍流程度降低,管程传热系数先增大后减小,流动阻力不断降低,综合传热性能先提高后减弱。当H=3.5 mm、S=30 mm时管程波节管的综合换热因子η_tube达到最大,η_tube是相同条件下圆管的5.11~6.69倍。     

排气管直径与深度对水力喷射空气旋流器传质性能的影响

对水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)的中心排气管直径D_e和排气管插入深度S进行了设计优化研究,实验考察了不同D_e和S对WSA脱氨传质系数K_La和气相压降的影响,提出了综合评价传质过程效率的概念——单位压降传质效率η_p,讨论了D_e和S的设计取值。研究表明,当D_e增大时,K_La和气相压降均随之降低,较小D_e的WSA具有较高的气液传质性能,但气相压降比较大,而K_La和气相压降均随S增大而增大。综合能效关系表明,随着D_e的增大η_p增大,随着S的增大η_p出现先增大后降低的趋势,WSA设计中D_e与WSA直径D之比D_e/D宜为0.42～0.53,S与WSA筒体长度H之比S/H适宜取值约为0.70。     

毛细管内气液Taylor流动的气泡及阻力特性

采用相对坐标系方法,研究毛细管(d 2mm)内充分发展垂直上升气液Taylor流动,分析两种工作介质下Taylor气泡的形状、上升速度、液膜厚度以及压降特性。结果表明:随着两相表观速度(V_tp)增大,Taylor气泡长度增大,气泡尾部曲率半径增大。气泡长度及内部回流区随着气泡体积分数(ξ_g)增大而增大,量纲1液膜厚度与气泡上升速度与毛细数(Ca)正相关,模拟结果与经验公式吻合较好。摩擦阻力因子(f_c)随V_tp与ξ_g的增大而降低,N₂/乙二醇为工质的Taylor流动f_c低于单相情况,而N₂/水为工质的Taylor流动f_c高于单相情况。Kreutzer等的流型依赖公式以及Lockhart等的分离模型可较好预测本文的两相压降,模拟结果与预测值的误差在±10%以内,常规通道所推荐C 5仍然适用于本文毛细管情况。     

Numerical simulation of asymmetric flow of coupled heat and mass transfer in a square cavity

The heat and mass transfer of fluid in a square cavity with a solutal and thermal source is numerically investigated. For different Rayleigh numbers, buoyancy ratio, Soret and Dufour numbers, the bifurcation characteristics of heat and mass transfer in a symmetrical square cavity are studied systematically. The results show that there is a critical Ra_c for onset of bifurcation that changes the fluid flow pattern. When Ra < Ra_c, the streamline, temperature and concentration are symmetrically distributed; when Ra > Ra_c, the transition from a symmetrical state to a stable asymmetric state is observed. The fluid is more prone to bifurcation with increasing of buoyancy. An increment to the Soret and Dufour effects enhances heat transfer symmetry and increases the critical Rayleigh number for breaking symmetry.     

Natural convection heat transfer enhancement of different nanofluids by adding dimple fins on a vertical channel wall

In this numerical study, natural flow and heat transfer of nanofluids with Al_2O_3, TiO_2, Cu and CNT nanoparticles in a vertical channel with dimpled fins at Rayleigh number(Ra) of Ra = 3.25 × 10~7 to Ra = 1 × 10~8 are investigated by using the finite volume method. The obtained results revealed that, using CNT in volume fractions of 2% and 4%leads to significant heat transfer and at φ = 6%, using TiO_2 nanoparticles has a great effect on Nu number enhancement. Also, using solid nanoparticles in base fluid causes more uniform heat transfer distribution,especially in areas close to heated surface and by adding more volume fraction in base fluid, temperature level reduces. In general, according to temperature contours, reduction of wall temperature depends on the increase of Ra and volume fraction and the type of solid nanoparticles.     

ROUTE TO CHAOS IN CHEMICALLY ENHANCED THERMAL CONVECTION IN POROUS MEDIA

Exothermic chemical reactions can influence natural convection effects in a porous medium. Such phenomena may occur in tubular reactors, oxidation of solid materials in large containers, chemical vapor deposition systems, liquid explosives, and others. Experimental evidence indicates that the influence of natural convection in many chemically reacting systems cannot be neglected.

In the present work, transient effects of a two-dimensional convection generated and sustained by an exothermic chemical reaction and a constant boundary wall temperature are studied. The Darcy-Boussinesq equations are used to describe fluid flow through porous media with a zero-order chemical reaction. A recently developed method is used to compute the singular points (such as limit and symmetry breaking bifurcation points) precisely as a function of Rayleigh (Ra) and Frank-Kamenetskii (Fk) numbers. Fold curves are drawn as a function of Ra, and Fk. Flow behavior is governed by two natural parameters, namely, Ra and Fk. Multiple stationary solutions arise over an intermediate range of Ra. The solution structure, i.e., the interconnections between the various branches appear quite complicated. Determination of linear stability on the these solution branches reveal that all two-dimensional, stationary solutions develop some form of instability at higher values of Ra. Transient simulations reveal the emergence of time periodic solutions at higher Ra. The nature and frequency of these periodic solutions depend on the route followed in the parameter space Fk and Ra. The various routes to chaos are identified in this parameter space.     

COMPREHENSIVE, THEORETICALLY BASED, CORRELATING EQUATIONS FOR FREE CONVECTION FROM ISOTHERMAL SPHERES

Correlating equations are developed for the local and mean Nusselt number for free convection from an isothermal sphere as a function of the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers. These expressions are based primarily on theoretical solutions for limiting cases, and hence are presumed to be more reliable than purely empirical correlations. The predictions of the proposed expressions are, however, validated by comparisons with prior experimental data. The expressions for the mean Nusselt number are shown to be applicable for all Ra and Pr. The expressions for the local Nusselt number are limited in applicability to the laminar boundary layer regime. The same equations are applicable to mass transfer and to combined heat and mass transfer in terms of the Sherwood, Schmidt and appropriately modified Rayleigh numbers.     

方形微通道内超临界CO2流动换热特性研究

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对加热条件下超临界CO₂在方形微通道内的流动换热特性进行了数值模拟。通过对比三种壁面平均传热系数、浮升力参数和二次流强度的沿程变化研究了管型、热通量、质量流量和倾斜角度对微通道内流动换热性能的影响。结果表明：水平方形微通道的整体换热性能优于相同水力直径的半圆形微通道。流体域典型截面的温度分布、速度分布和湍动能分布等信息可以很好地解释水平方向流动时上、下壁面传热差异的现象。减小热通量、增大质量流量或减小流体流动方向与重力方向之间的夹角,可提高方形微通道的整体换热水平。该模拟结果对以超临界CO₂为工质的微通道换热器的设计和优化具有一定的理论指导意义。     

A numerical study of the Dufour and Soret effects on unsteady natural convection flow past an isothermal vertical cylinder

The Dufour and Soret effects on the unsteady laminar free convective flow with mass transfer flow past a semi-infinite isothermal vertical cylinder were studied numerically. The governing partial differential equations were converted into a non-dimensional form and solved numerically by applying a Crank-Nicolson type of implicit finite-difference method with a tri-diagonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure. For the hydrogen-air mixture, which is a non-chemical reacting fluid, the profiles of the unsteady dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration are shown graphically for the different values of thermal and mass Grashof numbers, thermal diffusion parameters (Soret numbers) and diffusion-thermo parameters (Dufour numbers). Finally, the simulated values of the average skin-friction coefficient, the average Nusselt number and the average Sherwood number are presented. The numerical results reveal that for an increasing Soret number or decreasing Dufour number, the time to reach the temporal maximum and the steady-state decreases for the flow variables. As the Soret number increases or the Dufour number decreases, both the skin friction and the Sherwood number increase, whereas the Nusselt number decreases.     

高热流低流速条件下超临界CO2在小圆管内的对流传热特性

为获取高热流、低流速条件下超临界CO₂的传热规律，开展了超临界CO₂在内径2 mm水平小圆管内对流传热试验研究，并重点探讨了变物性、浮升力和热加速等效应对传热过程的影响。试验参数范围：系统压力7.6~8.4 MPa，质量流速400~500 kg/(m²?s)，热通量0~200 kW/m²，流体温度20~60℃，Reynolds数1.2×10⁴~4.3×10⁴。分别采用Gr/Re ²和Kv作为浮升力效应和热加速效应的判别因子。结果显示，在高热流低流速工况下，浮升力效应显著（Gr/Re ² > 10^-3），同一个截面处的上壁面传热系数始终小于下壁面传热系数。浮升力效应是高热流低流速工况下传热恶化的主要诱发因素。试验中热加速因子较小（Kv < 8.5×10^-7），其效应可以忽略。将试验数据与典型的传热经验关联式作对比，结果表明Liao-Zhao关联式的计算结果与试验结果最吻合。     

A NEW CLASS OF SIMILARITY SOLUTIONS OF AN UNSTEADY ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING FREE-FORCED CONVECTIVE FLOW IN A VERTICAL POROUS SURFACE WITH DUFOUR AND SORET EFFECTS

The 2-D unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free-forced convective boundary layer flow of a viscous incompressible fluid is studied numerically taking into account heat and mass transfer. The fluid is subjected to uniform heat and mass fluxes embedded in a porous medium by the presence of coupled Dufour and Soret effects. A new class of similarity equations has been obtained by introducing a time-dependent length scale and a corresponding similarity variable. The resulting equations are then integrated numerically using the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique along with the sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. By developing locally similar solutions of the fluid flow, the behavior of the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields as well as the rate of heat transfer, wall temperature gradient, rate of mass transfer, and skin friction coefficient have been investigated. The effects of Grashof number (Gr), modified Grashof number (Gm), combined effects of the porous and magnetic parameter (S), suction/injection parameter Fw, Brinkman number (Br), Soret number (Sr), and Dufour number (D_f) have been observed on the flow field and discussed.