铜分子筛涂覆颗粒捕集催化剂的实验研究

针对柴油催化氧化系统（diesel oxidation catalyst，DOC）、颗粒捕集器（diesel particulate filter，DPF）、选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction，SCR）系统应用于轻型车时面临的催化剂布置困难和SCR催化剂温度低等问题，将SCR催化剂涂覆到DPF载体（简称SDPF），实现NO_x减排和PM捕集功能，同时可显著减小后处理催化剂的体积。分别考察SDPF在200、300和400 ℃时不同碳烟加载量下的台架测试背压，测试结果表明SDPF催化剂加载碳烟在0~4.0 g/L范围内背压增长显著，在4.0~6.0 g/L范围内背压增长不明显。选取体积类似的SDPF和SCR催化剂进行新鲜态NO_x转化性能对比测试，测试结果表明：SDPF催化剂仅需相同体积SCR催化剂约2/3的涂覆量即可达到相当的NO_x转化能力，碳烟加载主要影响230 ℃以下的低温段NO_x转化。SDPF载体积炭量达到6.0 g/L后进行快速升温，以测试催化剂的积炭再生性能。测试结果表明：SDPF积炭再生时高温区域集中在出气端中心区域，可探测最高温度低于650 ℃，较充分的碳烟再生时间应大于15 min。     

酸、碱性溶液浸泡对柴油机催化剂性能的影响

以车用柴油氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst, DOC)/涂覆式颗粒捕集器(coated diesel particulate filter, DPF)/选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction, SCR)为对象,研究酸、碱性溶液对各种柴油机后处理装置催化剂性能的影响。研究表明,DOC和DPF催化剂经酸、碱性溶液处理后性能无明显改变,SCR催化剂经酸性溶液处理后性能无明显改变,但经碱性溶液处理后低温转化效率及氨存储明显下降,SCR入口温度为180℃时催化剂转化效率下降6.8%,入口温度为250℃时氨存储降低4.5%。     

催化剂与微粒接触对同时去除PM和NOx反应的影响

通过在柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)上涂覆复合金属氧化物催化剂Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4,利用程序升温反应(TPR)技术，就柴油机微粒(PM)与催化剂的接触对PM和NO，同时去除反应的影响进行了试验研究．比较了PM与催化剂的紧接触和松接触，以及不同的挂烟量、不同的中间层、不同的催化剂涂覆方法对PM和NOx同时催化去除的影响．研究结果表明，改善载体和催化剂之间的过渡层和催化剂的负载工艺以及增大PM与催化剂的有效接触，对于提高PM和NOx同时去除的催化活性具有重要意义。     

MnCePrO2-δ复合氧化物在O2及NOx气氛中对柴油机颗粒的氧化活性研究

将采用自蔓延高温燃烧合成法(SHS)制备的一系列MnCePrO2-δ复合氧化物催化剂以及贵金属Pt催化剂涂覆于空白的DPF载体上,对其同时去除柴油机尾气中碳烟颗粒物和氮氧化物反应的催化活性进行研究。结果表明: MnCePrO2-δ系列催化剂在氧化碳烟颗粒物和NO的性能上相较于贵金属Pt有明显的优势。其中,Mn0.3Ce0.5Pr0.2具有最好的催化活性,催化去除碳烟颗粒的起燃温度为296 ℃,最大氧化碳烟颗粒速率温度为418 ℃,NO的转化率达到65.6%。利用程序升温反应技术研究了气体流量和加载碳烟质量的变化对Mn0.3Ce0.5Pr0.2催化剂催化活性的影响。研究表明:当气体流量由500(mL· min-1)减小至100(mL· min-¹)时,碳烟颗粒的起燃温度和最大氧化速率温度分别降低了10 ℃和20 ℃,而加载的碳烟质量的改变对碳烟颗粒的起燃温度和最大氧化速率温度没有影响。     

柴油机颗粒捕集器特性测试评价

为了满足柴油机颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)排放标准的要求,应用微粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)对柴油机排放的PM进行捕集并再生。对涂覆前后DPF的压差、不同工况下的被动和主动再生速率、压降特性及极限情况下的累碳量等进行测试评价。研究结果表明:相对于白载体,涂覆后的DPF压差略为增加;在氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)作用下,DPF捕集的碳颗粒较易发生被动再生,连续再生速率随着温度升高而提高;温度为400℃时,累碳速率和被动再生速率达到动态平衡,超过600℃时发生主动再生;在降怠速情况下测试累碳量,并通过轻型车排放测试规程(world harmonized light vehicles test cycle,WLTC)进行排放试验验证,结果表明,DPF对PM和粒子数量(particle number,PN)的捕集效率满足工程目标要求。     

船舶柴油机颗粒物排放法规及控制技术发展

介绍了国内外船舶柴油机颗粒物排放标准以及IMO黑炭新规的进展,指出:船舶柴油机颗粒物排放控制将成为船舶柴油机行业的重点研究方向之一;黑炭测量方法的研究非常迫切。介绍了可同时降低柴油机NO_x和颗粒物排放的SCRF技术(即将SCR催化剂涂覆在DPF上)。对高、中、低速船用柴油机排放颗粒粒径和数量浓度的分布特性进行了研究,并根据研究结果建议:在开发船用柴油机颗粒捕集器时,应根据颗粒粒径分布特性,适当调整过滤体微孔直径或增加再生频率。     

非对称孔结构载体对DPF及柴油机性能的影响研究

运用GT-Power建立柴油机整机耦合柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particle filter,DPF)的模型,研究非对称孔道结构DPF的压降特性及其对柴油机整机性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着进/出口孔道比例增加,碳烟容量增大,DPF压降降低,但过度增大进/出口孔道比例会使出口孔径过小而造成压降升高;柴油机加装洁净DPF时,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加而降低,但随着DPF碳烟和灰分沉积量的增加,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加均有所改善。DPF进/出口孔道比例为1.3时,柴油机综合性能最佳。     

TiCe_(0.2)W_(0.2)O_x型SCR催化剂涂覆方法研究

分别运用传统浸渍涂覆、溶液燃烧涂覆、新型浸渍涂覆制备了一系列涂覆有TiCe0.2W0.2Ox活性组分整体式催化剂,比较发现新型浸渍涂覆催化剂SCR性能最好。新型浸渍涂覆的催化剂在250~450℃温度范围NO去除率超过90%,N2选择性在450℃以内都大于99%。对NOx转化率、N2选择性及各种表征结果进行分析显示新型浸渍涂覆的催化剂催化活性与涂覆量成正比关系,比表面积越大,催化活性越好,催化活性与催化剂粉末粒径无明显对应关系。     

柴油机微粒捕捉器主动再生特性的计算与分析

对柴油机排气微粒捕捉器（DPF）的主动再生特性进行了研究,建立了DPF主动再生数学模型,具体分析了柴油机转速、排气中的氧气浓度、DPF的微粒沉积量、微粒的活化能以及柴油机排气温度等参数对DPF主动再生特性的影响。结果表明,通过适当推迟柴油机喷油提前角以提高其排气温度,并辅以燃油加剂或利用催化剂降低微粒的活化能,在适当的条件下,进行DPF的主动再生是可行的。     

同时催化去除柴油机微粒和NO_x的试验研究(2)

通过在γ Al2O3小球和柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)上涂覆复合金属氧化物催化剂Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4和La0.9K0.1CoO3,利用程序升温反应(TPR)技术,对同时催化去除柴油机微粒(PM)和NOx反应进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,La0.9K0.1CoO3催化剂比Cu0.95K0.05Fe2O4催化剂具有更高的同时去除PM—NOx的催化反应活性。在低负荷下,柴油机的PM由于SOF含量多而使NOx降低的幅度比高负荷下的大,其燃烧温度也比高负荷下的低。同时,NO和O2的共存促进了PM的氧化燃烧。另外,PM和催化剂之间"松接触"的催化活性要比"紧接触"低。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.