多阳离子位点季铵盐与AEC复配体系的应用性能研究

将含多阳离子位点双子季铵盐表面活性剂(TC-GS)与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AE₉C)以不同比例复配,并测试了不同复配比例下混合体系的浸润、去污、乳化、抗静电和活性炭分散性能。结果表明,不同复配比例下的TC-GS/AE₉C体系都为均一透明溶液,表现出优异的复配稳定性。复配体系对帆布片的浸润能力优于单一表面活性剂,其中α_TC-GS为0.4时浸润性能最好。复配体系在乳化液体石蜡的过程中表现出协同增效作用。AE₉C溶液对炭黑污布和油脂污布都具有较好的去污能力,但与TC-GS复配后去污性能有所下降,可能由于TC-GS在污布表面的吸附阻碍了污渍的洗涤剥离。TC-GS溶液和复配体系溶液均表现出较好的抗静电性能,能够将聚酯织物表面电阻降低至≤10¹⁰Ω。最后,大部分复配比例下的TC-GS/AE₉C体系溶液都具有良好的分散活性炭的能力;但当复配比与理论等电摩尔比一致时,复配溶液对活性炭的分散稳定性能较差。     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠与十二烷基三甲基氯化铵的复配性能

研究了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AEC-9)与十二烷基三甲基氯化铵(1231)复配体系的表面性能、稳定性、泡沫性能和润湿性能.结果表明:复配体系具有很好的稳定性,在形成胶束的能力及降低表面张力的能力方面相对单一组分均有显著提高;当n(AEC-9):n(1231)=1:1时协同增效作用最为明显,其γcmc(27.0 Mn/m)和cmc(0.140 mmol/L)要明显低于单一组分AEC-9(35.5 Mn/m,0.196 mmol/L)和1231(37.0 Mn/m,8.77 mmol/L),起泡力(425 Ml)、稳泡性(0.99)和润湿性(1.2 min)均显著优于单一组分AEC-9(355 Ml,0.89,17.2 min)和1231(365 Ml,0.90,21.0 min).     

新型烷基糖苷季铵盐的制备及性能

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺盐酸盐和环氧氯丙烷为原料合成中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基-N-十二烷基氯化铵(CHPDDAC),然后与非离子烷基糖苷(APG)进行季铵化反应生成烷基糖苷季铵盐(APGQAS)。通过红外光谱及元素分析确定其化学结构,并对产物的表面活性、与AES的复配性能、泡沫性能、生物降解性、抗静电性能和杀菌性能进行了测定。结果表明,其CMC为3.16×10-4mol/L,γCMC为21.51 mN/m;Krafft点为-3.57℃;与AES复配时,当n(APGQAS)/n(AES)<0.8或n(APGQAS)/n(AES)>1.0时,溶液的透光率均大于90%;在去离子水中的初始泡沫体积为308 mL;6 d后生物降解率达90%以上;在浓度为5 g/L时,处理的聚酯布抗静电性能最好;对杆状菌和大肠杆菌的杀菌作用良好。     

烷基醚羧酸盐表面活性剂的应用研究

对烷基醚羧酸盐的性能及与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)复配性能进行测定。结果表明,烷基醚羧酸盐具有优良的耐热稳定性能与低温稳定性能,适用范围广。相比AEO_9,AE_9C表现出更好的润湿、去污以及泡沫性能。     

椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠复配性能研究

考察椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB-35)与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AEC-9)复配体系的稳定性、表面性能、泡沫性能和润湿性能。结果表明,复配体系稳定性良好,在28%质量浓度范围内为均匀透明的溶液;复配体系具有一定的协同作用,在m(CAB-35)∶m(AEC-9)=8∶2时,临界胶束浓度为最小值52.95 mg/L,最小表面张力26.4 mN/m,表面的饱和吸附量达到最大(7.19×10^(-6)mol/m(-6)mol/m²),极性头基所占的截面积最小(0.23×102),极性头基所占的截面积最小(0.23×10^(-18)m(-18)m²)。在此比例下,复配体系的表面活性最高,同时发泡能力、稳泡性和润湿性也达到最优值。     

AES/Na_2CO_3蠕虫状胶束溶液流变性研究

采用流变学方法分别考察了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)质量分数、碳酸钠(Na_2CO_3)质量分数、AES水解和温度对AES/Na_2CO_3蠕虫状胶束溶液流变性能的影响。结果表明,Na_2CO_3的加入可以促进AES蠕虫状胶束的生长。与氯化钠相比,碳酸钠对AES溶液的增黏机制更加复杂。碳酸钠加量小时,反离子Na⁺作用小而增黏能力弱;加量高的碳酸钠溶液碱性强,可拟制AES水解,导致活性分子数量增加,表现出较强的增黏能力。同时发现,缩短AES酸性水解时间,有利于改善蠕虫状胶束体系的黏弹性。随着温度升高,AES/Na_2CO_3体系黏弹性逐渐减弱,超过70℃后,体系呈黏性流体。     

新型烷基酰胺丙基三甲基季铵盐表面活性剂的绿色合成

在高压条件下,以叔胺和碳酸二甲酯为原料,合成了新型季铵盐表面活性剂-C16/C18烷基酰胺丙基三甲基碳酸甲酯铵,通过质谱和红外光谱对其进行表征。利用得到的碳酸甲酯铵分别与相应的酸进行反离子转化反应,得到系列具有新型反离子X- (X=HCOO, CH3COO, CH3CH(OH)COO)的季铵盐。初步研究了此系列化合物的表面张力,结果表明反离子对季铵盐的表面性能有影响。     

窄分布脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐研究进展

介绍了常规脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐(AES)和窄分布AES的研究进展。窄分布AES对皮肤刺激性低于常规AES,无机盐增稠能力优于常规AES,两者泡沫、去污性能无显著差异。     

基于松油烯的表面活性剂的合成及性能

以α-松油烯为原料,通过Diels-Alder反应制得1-甲基-4-异丙基双环[2.2.2]-5-辛烯-2-甲酸二甲氨基乙酯(叔胺,TA),再利用产物TA制得1-甲基-4-异丙基双环[2.2.2]-5-辛烯-2-甲酸乙酯-2′-(N,N-二甲基)氧化胺(氧化叔胺,TAO)、1-甲基-4-异丙基双环[2.2.2]-5-辛烯-2-甲酸乙酯-2′-(N,N-二甲基-N-苄基)氯化铵(苄氯季铵盐,TABC)和1-甲基-4-异丙基双环[2.2.2]-5-辛烯-2-甲酸乙酯-2′-(N,N,N-三甲基)碘化铵(碘甲基季铵盐,TAMI)3种表面活性剂;采用FTIR及¹HNMR对产物进行了结构表征,并考察了3种表面活性剂的表面性能和抑菌性能。结果发现,TAO、TABC和TAMI的临界胶束浓度(CMC)分别为3.39×10^–3、2.46×10^–3和2.37×10^–3 mol/L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γ_CMC)分别为33.0、25.2和26.4 mN/m,比商品化表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基苄基...     

烷基糖苷季铵盐表面活性剂复配性能研究

将丁基葡萄糖苷、辛基葡萄糖苷分别与3-氯-2羟基丙基二甲基十二烷基铵盐、3-氯-2羟基丙基二甲基十六烷基铵盐按照摩尔比为1∶1,1∶0.5和1∶0.1进行复配,并测定复配体系的表面张力、临界胶束浓度(cmc)、亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、泡沫性能、去污性能及乳化性能。结果表明,辛基葡萄糖苷羟基丙基二甲基十二烷基铵盐酸盐类型样品和阴离子表面活性剂复配后性能良好;HLB值显示丁基葡糖苷羟基丙基二甲基十二烷基铵盐酸盐样品的表面活性和亲水性较好;当丁基葡萄糖苷和辛基葡萄糖苷质量分数为80%时,丁基葡萄糖苷羟基丙基二甲基十六烷基铵盐酸盐泡沫性能、乳化性能和稳定性均较佳;丁基葡萄糖苷羟基丙基二甲基十六烷基铵盐酸盐复配体系对碳黑污布和蛋白污布去污效果较好。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。