复合碱性离子液体催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油北大核心CSCD

根据油脂的结构特点,研制了复合碱性离子液体催化剂;以三油酸甘油酯与甲醇的酯交换反应为模型,对酯交换反应的油醇摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂循环使用性进行了考察,并研究了该催化剂催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油的效果。结果表明:在油醇摩尔比为1∶9、反应时间为5 h、反应温度为120℃、催化剂用量为5%的条件下,三油酸甘油酯转化效果最佳,油酸甲酯产率高达96.2%;催化剂循环使用7次后油酸甲酯产率仍然保持在80%以上;在相同反应条件下,餐饮废弃油转化为生物柴油的产率最高可达93.6%。     

复合碱性离子液体催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油

根据油脂的结构特点,研制了复合碱性离子液体催化剂;以三油酸甘油酯与甲醇的酯交换反应为模型,对酯交换反应的油醇摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂循环使用性进行了考察,并研究了该催化剂催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油的效果。结果表明:在油醇摩尔比为1∶9、反应时间为5 h、反应温度为120℃、催化剂用量为5%的条件下,三油酸甘油酯转化效果最佳,油酸甲酯产率高达96.2%;催化剂循环使用7次后油酸甲酯产率仍然保持在80%以上;在相同反应条件下,餐饮废弃油转化为生物柴油的产率最高可达93.6%。     

双核酸性离子液体催化餐饮废油制备生物柴油的研究

合成了5种新型咪唑类和吡啶类双核酸性离子液体,并考察了其催化餐饮废油酯交换制备生物柴油的性能。实验表明,咪唑类双核酸性离子液体具有很好的催化活性,其中[MIM]2C3[HSO4]2催化活性最好。在以[MIM]2C3[HSO4]2为催化剂条件下,通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对酯交换反应的影响,并考察了双核酸性离子液体的稳定性。结果表明:在醇油摩尔比45∶1、反应温度170℃、反应时间2 h和催化剂用量为餐饮废油质量8%的条件下,生物柴油产率可达95.8%,并且该双核酸性离子液体的稳定性良好,循环使用6次后其催化活性没有明显降低。     

酸性离子液体催化月桂酸制备生物柴油工艺的研究

以新型酸性离子液体1-丁基喹啉硫酸氢盐（[BQu]HSO4）为催化剂催化月桂酸与甲醇酯化反应制备生物柴油工艺研究,详细考察了离子液体用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间及反应温度等因素对月桂酸甲酯产率的影响。在单因素实验基础上利用响应面分析法优化月桂酸甲酯的最佳制备工艺条件为：离子液体用量为月桂酸质量的1.3%,甲醇与月桂酸摩尔比为2.8:1,反应时间3.2 h,反应温度373 K,此条件下生物柴油产率为96.3%,该结果与模型预测值基本相符。最佳条件下,制备月桂酸甲酯反应的活化能为25.25 kJ/mol,动力学方程为： 。     

微波辐射下离子液体[Bmim]HSO4催化葵花籽油制备生物柴油

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源。研究了微波辐射下离子液体[Bmim]HSO4催化葵花籽油与甲醇通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂用量、微波功率、醇油摩尔比和反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。试验结果表明,当醇油摩尔比为12：1、催化剂用量（催化剂与油的质量比）为7%、微波功率为300W、反应时间为35min时,生物柴油的收率可以达到98.9%。     

微波辅助酸性离子液体催化大豆油制备生物柴油

设计合成了3种酸性离子液体[BSO3HMIM]HSO4、[BSO3HMIM][PTSA]、[BMIM]HSO4,考察酸性离子液体对大豆油和甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油的催化效果。以筛选出的酸性离子液体[BSO3HMIM]HSO4为催化剂,在微波辅助下,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对生物柴油收率的影响。结果表明:当醇油摩尔比为10∶1,催化剂用量为8%,反应温度为120℃,反应时间为60 min,微波功率为320 W时,生物柴油收率可达95.8%;离子液体[BSO3HMIM]HSO4循环使用6次后,生物柴油收率没有明显降低,保持在90%以上。     

B酸离子液体[HSO3-bpy]HSO4在麻疯树油酯交换反应中的应用研究

制备了B酸离子液体[HSO3-bpy]HSO4,并应用于催化麻疯油酯交换反应制备生物柴油。通过正交试验考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间4个因素对反应的影响,同时优化了生物柴油合成反应条件。结果显示：反应温度为140℃、催化剂用量为油脂质量的6%、醇油摩尔比为15∶1、反应6h,转化率达到90.2%,催化剂在优化条件下重复使用6次后其催化活性无明显变化,且产品质量达到美国ASTM生物柴油标准的相关指标。     

离子液体[Hmim]HSO4催化菜籽油制备生物柴油

以菜籽油为原料,离子液体[Hmim]HSO4为催化剂通过酯交换制备生物柴油。通过正交实验考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间4个因素对反应的影响,并且考察了离子液体[Hmim]HSO4的酸性和稳定性。通过正交分析得出了最佳反应条件：n（甲醇）：n（菜籽油）：n（离子液体）=8：1：0．08,反应时间5h,反应温度150℃。在此条件下生物柴油转化率高达95％。实验结果表明,[Hmim]HSO4具有较强的酸性,稳定性好,可循环使用。且产品质量达到美国生物柴油标准ASTM PS121-99的相关指标。     

双核酸性离子液体[DABCO-PS][HSO_4]催化蓖麻油制备生物柴油研究

研究合成了双核酸性离子液体[DABCO-PS][HSO_4],并将其用于催化蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油。优化后得离子液体前体[DABCO-PS]合成最佳条件为n(1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯)∶n(三乙烯二胺)=2∶1、反应温度60℃、反应时间3 h,在此条件下离子液体前体收率达93.4%。采用红外光谱、核磁共振和质谱对[DABCO-PS][HSO_4]进行表征,确定产物为目标离子液体。优化得到[DABCO-PS][HSO_4]催化蓖麻油制备生物柴油的最佳条件为n(甲醇)∶n(蓖麻油)=12∶1、离子液体用量4%(以蓖麻油质量计)、反应温度50℃、反应时间1 h,在此条件下生物柴油收率达90%。采用气相色谱确定生物柴油主要成分是棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯和蓖麻油酸甲酯,且脂肪酸甲酯占生物柴油的90%以上。     

响应面法优化吡咯烷酮离子液体[HNMP]CH3SO3催化菜籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺研究

合成了酸性离子液体[HNMP]CH3SO3,并用于催化菜籽油酯交换制备生物柴油。采用响应面法对离子液体[HNMP]CH3SO3催化菜籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺参数进行优化,获得的最佳反应条件为:反应温度100℃,醇油摩尔比9∶1,催化剂用量10%,反应时间12 h。在最佳条件下,生物柴油转化率为84. 8%。该离子液体有较好的稳定性,循环使用4次后生物柴油转化率仍可达到79. 6%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.