葡萄种植中适宜品种的选择原则

本文针对葡萄品种选择的原则与方法进行了较为系统地论述.根据不同栽培地区,阐述了不同地区对葡萄抗寒性、抗病性、生长势的不同要求;根据不同的栽培方式,阐述了保护地促早栽培、延迟栽培、避雨栽培的品种选择;根据不同的销售目的,阐述了应根据目标消费者消费水平的高低确定品种的种类;根据栽培面积大小选择适宜品种.选择品种应兼顾葡萄产业的发展方向,重视品质、丰产性及抗病性.     

敦煌市夏黑葡萄设施促早优质丰产栽培技术

结合敦煌市气候特点,从日光温室园地选择、苗木定植、温湿度管理、土肥水管理、整形修剪、优质花果管理和病虫害无公害防治等方面,系统总结了夏黑葡萄设施促早优质丰产无公害栽培技术,为农民和同类地区发展设施促早栽培葡萄产业提供技术指导。     

促早栽培措施对葡萄果实品质影响的研究进展

促早栽培是葡萄设施栽培的重要模式之一,已在全国各地普遍推广。借助设施来改变葡萄的生长发育的环境条件,使其提早萌芽、开花和结果,达到提早成熟上市的目的。通过促早栽培延长了葡萄的供应期,满足了市场需求,也使栽培者获得了更高的经济效益。本文综述了栽培设施、光质、植物激素、整形修剪措施、加温等对促早栽培葡萄果实品质的影响,并分析了影响葡萄促早熟的因素,对控制葡萄成熟期和果实品质的研究提供理论依据。     

浙江及台州地区葡萄促成栽培生产现状及研究进展

针对葡萄促早栽培的迅猛发展对综合栽培技术的需求,本文简述了目前葡萄促早设施栽培的生产技术及生理特性方面的研究进展,包括促早栽培品种选择、棚架建造、控产、地膜覆盖等,探讨了促成栽培葡萄的生理特性,并对近年兴起的双膜覆盖栽培技术进行了分析,为推广高效、实用的栽培技术提供参考。     

吐鲁番设施棚架葡萄栽培技术规程

我国葡萄保护地栽培,主要包括促早栽培、延迟栽培、避雨栽培等类型,近几年在全国各地发展迅速,已成为葡萄栽培的新方向和趋势.新疆是我国的葡萄重要产区,设施葡萄栽培发展较晚,近几年才在各地(州)有少量的发展.     

温棚促早栽培中提高葡萄果实品质的措施

在黄河故道地区进行葡萄温棚促早栽培,能充分利用了本区域内的光照、水、温、热等自然资源,不需加热,不附加其它设施,节能环保。以河南省宁陵县8611温棚葡萄为例,说明葡萄温棚促早栽培具有以下特点:一是栽培方式简便易行。简     

6个早熟葡萄品种在北京地区的促早栽培表现

促早栽培可以实现葡萄成熟早、上市早的目的,这对于促进果农增收具有积极的意义。北京延庆地区露地葡萄的成熟期基本都集中在8~9月份,而引进早熟葡萄品种对于提高经济效益和丰富本地区的葡萄品种具有重要意义。本文重点从葡萄的果实性状调查、物候期、产值与产量以及配套的栽培管理技术方面介绍了6个早熟品种在北京延庆地区的促早栽培表现。     

祁连山中段沿山冷凉区红地球葡萄延后栽培技术

葡萄设施延后栽培是高寒冷凉区葡萄栽培发展的重要方向,是种植业结构调整的重要内容,是葡萄种植技术的一次新飞跃。为了加强红地球设施葡萄园的标准化管理,促进苗木快速生长,达到早成形、快长树、早结果、早丰产、品质优的目的,对冷凉     

南方大棚葡萄促早栽培中的问题探讨

近年来葡萄市场出现饱和状态,葡萄价格也随之降低,种植户为了保证效益,采取促早栽培等配套技术,提早上市,提高价格,增加收益。本文就促早栽培中出现的一些问题进行了探讨,一是未熟入市扰乱市场,导致葡萄价格更低,二是乱用着色增糖剂加重白腐病的发生。     

贵妃玫瑰葡萄塑料大棚栽培技术

利用塑料大棚进行栽培,可人为创造适宜的生长环境,使葡萄提早或延迟成熟,从而达到提高经济效益的目的.目前,生产上以促早栽培居多,与露地栽培相比,塑料大棚促早栽培果实可以提前15～20 d成熟,病害减轻,用药量大大减少,平均每667m2产值增加0.4～0.5万元.     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。