Influence of Stratification and Shoreline Erosion on Reservoir Sedimentation Patterns

Sedimentation in the main pool of a deep (maximum depth: 50?m), 227?km2 hydropower reservoir was modeled using a three-dimensional numerical model of hydrodynamics and sedimentation for different wind, inflow, and outflow conditions. Short-term velocity measurements made in the reservoir were used to validate some aspects of the hydrodynamic model. The effects of thermal stratification on sedimentation patterns were investigated, since the reservoir is periodically strongly stratified. Stratification alters velocity profiles and thus affects sedimentation in the reservoir. Sedimentation of reservoirs is often modeled considering only the deposition of sediments delivered by tributaries. However, the sediments eroding from the shorelines can contribute significantly to sedimentation if the shorelines of the reservoir erode at sufficiently high rates or if sediment delivery via tributary inflow is small. Thus, shoreline erosion rates for a reservoir were quantified based on measured fetch, parameterized beach profile shape, and measured wind vectors, and the eroded sediments treated as a source within the sedimentation modeling scheme. The methodology for the prediction of shoreline erosion was calibrated and validated using digital aerial photos of the reservoir taken in different years and indicated approximately 1?m/year of shoreline retreat for several locations. This study revealed likely zones of sediment deposition in a thermally stratified reservoir and presented a methodology for integration of shoreline erosion into sedimentation studies that can be used in any reservoir.     

复吹转炉顶吹枪位与非均衡底吹搅拌的水模拟

为优化120 t复吹转炉冶炼效果，通过水模型试验，模拟研究了复吹转炉底吹强度、顶枪枪位、底吹排布方式和流量分配比对渣 钢间传质效果和熔池混匀时间的影响。研究表明，在相同底吹条件下，顶枪低枪位操作时渣 钢间传质系数比高枪位操作时渣 钢间传质系数大，且随着底吹流量分配比增大，渣 钢间传质系数先增大后减小。在相同顶枪枪位操作条件下，底吹元件间隔排布时，渣 钢界面传质效果总体优于连续排布。随着底吹流量分配比增大，高枪位和低枪位混匀效果变化趋势近似相反。在高枪位下，底吹元件连续排布混匀时间总体少于底吹元件间隔排布时对应的混匀时间；在顶枪低枪位操作条件下，底吹元件连续排布混匀时间总体大于间隔排布混匀时间。通过顶枪枪位、底吹排布和流量分配比的合理匹配，较传统均衡流量底吹模式，传质系数可提高30%～125%，混匀时间可减少8.6%～51.5%。     

An investigation of the role of intragranular dislocation strain in the superplastic Pb-62% Sn eutectic alloy

Experiments were conducted on the Pb-62% Sn eutectic alloy to determine the role of intragranular dislocation movement in the superplastic region II. By taking careful measurements within individual grains of a specimen tested at 423 K at a strain rate near the center of region II, it is demonstrated that there is evidence for the movement of some intragranular dislocations, but the strain is non-uniform and oscillatory in nature with changes from positive to negative contributions to the total strain as the deformation continues. The results show that the Sn and Pb phases behave similarly and the net contribution to the total strain is close to zero. It is concluded that grain boundary sliding and the relative translation of individual grains represents the dominant flow mechanism, and intragranular dislocation movement occurs as an accommodation process which, nevertheless, has an important influence on the flow mechanism because it represents a source of mobile extrinsic grain boundary dislocations.     

Modeling of transient flow phenomena in continuous casting of steel

This paper describes initial efforts to develop and apply 3D finite-difference models to simulate transient flow in the mold. These transient flow phenomena include flow pattern oscillations caused by sudden changes in nozzle inlet conditions and rapid fluctuations in the molten steel⧹flux interface level at the top surface of the mold. The flow model incorporates interactions with other transport phenomena, including turbulence, superheat removal and argon gas bubble injection. Predictions are shown for the oscillatory evolution of the flow pattern from biased steady flow to symmetrical steady flow after a sudden change in inlet conditions. In addition, the predicted turbulent kinetic energy levels at steady state are shown to correlate with measured surface level fluctuations. The effect of processing conditions are consistent with experimental findings. Without argon, the greatest level fluctuations are found near the narrow face, while increased argon moves the maximum towards the center. Fluctuations decrease with deeper submergence and lower casting speed. These transient phenomena are important because they may lead to defects in the final steel product from entrainment of slag, disruption of solidification at the meniscus and non-uniform heat transfer.     

Steady state vacancy concentration around a plastic crack

The vacancy chemical potential associated with the crack region and with the lattice dislocations representing the plastic zone are identified in terms of the energy of the dislocation configuration. In order to determine the steady state vacancy concentration, the configuration is considered as made up of several internal sources of stress. The diffusion equation under steady state is solved for a crystal containing each source of stress. Further, superposition of the concentration of vacancies around each source is used to determine the total concentration of vacancies for small scale deformation at the crack tip. On the other hand, for large scale deformation at the tip, matching boundary conditions are applied to determine the concentration in each region containing an internal source. Both the discrete dislocation and the single lattice dislocation representations of the crack are employed to determine the crack growth rate. The results are used to emphasize the influence of the plastic zone on the crack growth rate by vacancy diffusion mechanism. Formerly Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Tennessee Technological University. Cookeville, TN 38501.     

Modeling of steel grade transition in continuous slab casting processes

Mathematical models have been developed and applied to investigate the composition distributions that arise during steel grade changes in the continuous slab casting processes. Three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent flow and transient mixing phenomena in the mold and the strand were calculated under conditions corresponding to a sudden change in grade. The composition distribution in the final slab was then predicted. Reasonable agreement was obtained between predicted and experimental concentration profiles in the slab centerlines. Intermixing in the center extends many meters below the transition point, while intermixing at the surface extends above. Higher casting speed increases the extent of intermixing. Mold width, ramping of casting speed, and nozzle design have only small effects. Slab thickness, however, significantly influences the intermixing length of the slab. The axial transport of solute due to turbulent eddy motion was found to be many orders of magnitude greater than molecular diffusion and thus dominates the resulting composition distribution. Different elements, therefore, exhibited the same mixing behavior under the same casting conditions, despite having different molecular properties. Numerical diffusion caused by the finite difference schemes was investigated and confirmed to be much less important than turbulent diffusion. In the lower portion of the strand (lower than 3 m below the meniscus), the convection and diffusion can be reasonably approximated as one-dimensional (1-D) axial flow.     

Modeling of Liquid Level and Bubble Behavior in Vacuum Chamber of RH Process

In the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH)refining process,liquid steel flow pattern in a ladle is controlled by the fluid flow behavior in the vacuum chamber.Potassium chloride solution and NaOH solution saturated with CO 2 were respectively used as a tracer to investigate the liquid and gas flow behaviors in the vacuum chamber.Principal compo-nent and comparative analysis were made to show the factors controlling mixing and circulation flow rate.The liquid level and bubble behavior in the vacuum chamber greatly affect fluid flow in RH process.Experiments were per-formed to investigate the effects of liquid steel level,gas flow rate,bubble residence time,and gas injection mode on mixing,decarburization,and void fraction.The results indicate that the mixing process can be divided into three re-gions:the flow rate-affected zone,the concentration gradient-affected zone,and their combination.The liquid steel level in the vacuum chamber of 300 mm is a critical point in the decarburization transition.For liquid level lower than 300 mm,liquid steel circulation controls decarburization,while for liquid level higher than 300 mm,bubble behavior is the main controlling factor.During the RH process,it is recommended to use the concentrated bubble injection mode for low gas flow rates and the uniform bubble injection mode for high gas flow rates.     

Simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Velocimetry Measurements of Periodical Oscillatory Horseshoe Vortex System near Square Cylinder-Base Plate Juncture

This paper presents simultaneous measurements using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) techniques on the study of a horseshoe vortex system. The horseshoe vortex system is generated near the juncture of a vertical square cylinder and a horizontal base plate. The combination of PIV and LDV not only gives the spatial distribution and time history of velocity near the juncture for spatial and time domain analyses, it also allows phase averaging the PIV velocity data to reduce noise and, in a turbulent flow, result in turbulence statistics. A flow visualization technique displaying particle streaklines has also been used to help the classification of the vortex system and visualize the flow motion and vortex evolution. The classification of the horseshoe vortex was briefly categorized as steady, periodical oscillatory, and turbulence-like chaotic vortex systems through the use of the flow visualization technique and time-domain spectral analysis. Phase-averaged flow characteristics of the periodical oscillatory vortex system with a Reynolds number of 2,250 are presented in detail through the use of PIV and LDV as well as the flow visualization technique.     

Buoyant Surface Discharges into Water Bodies. I: Flow Classification and Prediction Methodology

Buoyant surface discharges into ambient water bodies can exhibit multiple complex flow processes, which cover the spatial range from the near field with initial jet mixing to the far field with passive ambient diffusion. Multiple flow phenomena can occur, such as buoyant collapse motions, bottom attachment, deflection by the ambient current, and dynamic shoreline interaction, in the near field, and lateral and/or upstream spreading motions and turbulent diffusion processes, in the far field. Efficient and reliable predictive techniques covering the whole range of these processes are needed for the design and prediction of wastewater effluents that are subject to water quality regulations that can apply in either near and/or far field. A new comprehensive classification framework distinguishes among ten hydrodynamically distinct flow classes within four major flow categories: free jets, shoreline-attached jets, wall jets, and upstream intruding plumes. A prediction methodology for these discharges has been presented that covers the entire spatial domain from the near to the far field. It is based on the linkage of separate predictive modules in form of the expert system CORMIX3. These hydrodynamic modules are implemented by specific flow protocols and transition criteria determine their spatial extent. The methodology, corroborated by numerous detailed laboratory and some field data sources, constitutes a simple and efficient, yet accurate and robust, tool with few data requirements for surface discharge design and mixing analysis.     

Steady Streaming around a Circular Cylinder near a Plane Boundary due to Oscillatory Flow

Steady streaming due to an oscillatory flow around a circular cylinder close to and sitting on a plane boundary is investigated numerically. Two-dimensional (2D) Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite element method with a k-ω turbulent model. The flow direction is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The steady streaming around a circular cylinder is investigated for Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number of 2 ≤ KC ≤ 30 with a constant value of Stokes number (β) of 196. The gap (between the cylinder and the plane boundary) to diameter ratio (e/D) investigated is in the range of 0.0–3.0. The steady streaming structures and velocity distribution around the cylinder are analyzed in detail. It is found that the structures of steady streaming are closely correlated to KC regimes. The gap to diameter ratio (e/D) has a significant effect on the steady streaming structure when e/D<1.0. The magnitude of the steady streaming velocity around the cylinder can be up to about 70% of the velocity amplitude of the oscillatory flow. One three-dimensional (3D) simulation (KC = 10, β = 196, and e/D = ∞) is carried out to examine the effect of three dimensionality of the flow on the steady streaming. Although strong 3D vortices are found around the cylinder, the steady streaming in a cross section of the cylinder span is in good agreement with the 2D results.     

前混合磨料水射流除鳞喷嘴混合腔内部流场

基于计算流体动力学多相流混合物模型,应用FLUENT软件对前混合磨料水射流除鳞喷嘴高压水与磨料混合腔内部流场进行数值模拟.比较了不同进料方式对流场均匀性的影响.分析了两侧为高压水入口条件下,磨料入口直径、高压水入口直径、高压水入口位置和角度以及收缩段锥角对流场混合均匀性的影响,得到了影响混合腔内部流场混合均匀性的合理结构参数.数值计算结果表明:入口速度一定的条件下,磨料中进式喷嘴混合腔的混合均匀性优于磨料侧进式喷嘴混合腔.随磨料入口和高压水入口直径增加,混合腔出口的射流速度均增加,但随高压水入口直径增加导致出口磨料浓度呈先增后减的趋势,磨料入口与高压水入口合理的质量流量比值约为3∶4,两侧高压水入口位置对流场混合均匀性影响较小,高压水入口角度和收缩段锥角均为30°时流场性能更佳.      

Variation of nitric oxide concentration during inspiration

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pattern of inspiratory nitric oxide concentration in a simple, constant flow delivery system during the use of two phasic-flow ventilatory modes. DESIGN: Laboratory study in a lung model. SETTING: University experimental laboratory. SUBJECT: Nitric oxide (800 ppm in nitrogen) was administered continuously into the inspiratory circuit to deliver a nitric oxide concentration of 10 and 40 ppm to a test lung during volume-controlled (constant flow) and pressure-controlled (decelerating flow) ventilation, with an FIO2 of 1.0. INTERVENTIONS: In each mode, minute ventilation of 7, 14, and 21 L/min and installation of mixing chambers (none, 1-L, 2-L, and 3.2-L turbulence boxes) were studied, respectively. Nitric oxide and nitric dioxide were monitored by chemiluminescence. Since the nitric oxide/nitrogen gas is the only nitrogen source in the system during ventilation with an FIO2 of 1.0, we evaluated the fluctuation in the inspiratory nitric oxide (NOx) concentration by measuring nitrogen with a fast-response analyzer. To test the effect of the measurement site, we measured nitric oxide concentrations using chemiluminescence at different positions in the inspiratory and expiratory limbs, with and without the mixing chambers, with a minute ventilation of 14 L/min and a nitric oxide concentration of 40 ppm. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nitrogen dioxide production was not influenced by the flow pattern. During a nitric oxide concentration of 10 ppm, nitrogen dioxide was always < 0.6 ppm. During a nitric oxide concentration of 40 ppm, the highest nitrogen dioxide (4.47 ppm) concentration was found at the lowest minute ventilation and the largest inspiratory circuit volume. Nitric oxide values displayed by chemiluminescence indicated stable concentrations at all settings. However, without mixing chambers, NOx concentration calculated from nitrogen measurements demonstrated marked inspiratory fluctuations and was highest with a minute ventilation of 21 L/min and higher during pressure-controlled ventilation compared with volume-controlled ventilation (nitric oxide concentration of 40 ppm, pressure-controlled ventilation: 14.5 to 130.5 ppm; volume-controlled ventilation: 21.6 to 104.7 ppm; nitric oxide concentration of 10 ppm, pressure-controlled ventilation: 3.2 to 30.9 ppm; volume-controlled ventilation: 4.5 to 27.1 ppm). NOx concentration fluctuation decreased with an increasing mixing chamber, and was negligible at all settings with the 3.2-L turbulence box. Nitric oxide concentration fluctuation influenced chemiluminescence measurements. The displayed nitric oxide values varied, depending on the sampling site, and did not accurately reflect mean inspiratory nitric oxide concentration. Incorporation of a mixing chamber eradicated this sampling site influence. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous flow delivery of nitric oxide into the circuit of a phasic-flow ventilator results in marked inspiratory nitric oxide concentration fluctuation that is not detected by a slow-response chemiluminescence analyzer. Moreover, nitric oxide concentration fluctuation can influence the accuracy of the chemiluminescence measurements. These effects can be diminished by using additional mixing chambers to facilitate a stable gas concentration. As these mixing volumes increase the contact time of nitric oxide with oxygen, an increase of nitrogen dioxide has to be taken into account.     

Surface aggregation patterns of LDL receptors near coated pits. I. The radially convective diffusion and generalized insertion mechanism

In this paper we formulate a mathematical model for the receptor mediated endocytotic cycle under the influence of diffusion, radial convection, and generalized receptor reinsertion. The steady state radial concentration function of unbound receptors admits an explicit representation. This can be expressed as a functional of the insertion rate, the diffusion coefficient, and the flow strength. Using the referred functional we study the influence of the aforementioned mechanisms on the surface aggregation pattern of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors near coated pits. We perform that analysis on both a theoretical level and by means of simulated receptor aggregation patterns obtained by computer graphics techniques. We conclude that radially convective diffusion in combination with suitable characterizations of the insertion mode are consistent with reported cell surface aggregation patterns.     

Theoretical validation of the respiratory benefits of helium-oxygen mixtures

A theoretical analysis of convective gas transport validates the clinically demonstrated advantage of using helium-oxygen mixtures in treating patients with respiratory problems. Previous studies have attributed that advantage to the ability of helium-oxygen to stay laminar at higher velocities than nitrogen-oxygen. The present work shows that helium-oxygen does not need to be laminar to provide higher flow rates and that its benefits persist under turbulent conditions. The analysis is applied to steady flow through the lungs and through a circular airway obstruction. A simplified model of the lungs gives pressure-flow relations that show a significant increase in oxygen flow rate when nitrogen is substituted by helium. A similar improvement is found for flow through an obstruction. For a given pressure difference across the lungs or across an obstruction, the turbulent flow rate of oxygen increases by approximately 50% when nitrogen is replaced by helium in a mixture containing 20% oxygen.     

弥散供氧流动特性及其富氧效果

研究了大空间局部圆形出氧口弥散供氧流动特性及其富氧效果.弥散供氧轴向最大速度和氧气轴向最大浓度均随轴向距离增加而衰减,且在轴向x=0-0.6m范围内具有很大速度梯度和浓度梯度.不同出流速度下弥散形成的富氧区域形状是相似的,较小管径下富氧区域下游的浓度轮廓更接近＂半椭圆＂形,弥散范围更大;拟合得到富氧区域外边界扩展半宽度随轴向距离变化的关系式及富氧面积随出流流量变化的关系式.相同流量的富氧采用双出氧口弥散形成的富氧面积比单出氧口弥散形成的富氧面积减少约10%;相同流量的富氧以6mm管径弥散形成的富氧面积比8mm管径的富氧面积增加约10%.      

Multiphase modeling of fluid dynamic in ladle steel operations under non-isothermal conditions

A numerical simulation was performed to study the flow pattern, mixing time and open-eye slag pro-duced by argon gas injection in an industrial scale steel ladle under non-isothermal conditions.The liq-uid steel remains 5 min before the injection, and thermal stratification and convective flows were ana-lyzed.Three different sequences in stages employing various argon-gas flow rates were simulated.In the first case, a sequence with the highest flow rates of argon was applied, while in the second and the third sequences, the intermediate and the lowest flow rates of argon gas were used, respectively. For determining the chemistry homogenization, the mixing time was computed and analyzed in all three cases.It was found that the cold steel is located near the walls while the steel with a high tem-perature is accumulated in the center of the ladle above the argon-gas tuyere.The higher and lower flows promote a faster chemistry homogenization owing to the secondary recirculations that are devel-oped closer to the walls.The results from steel temperature drop show a good concordance with plant trial measurements.     

Experiments on Selective Withdrawal of a Codirectional Two-Layer Flow through a Line Sink

For investigating selective withdrawal problems, laboratory experiments were conducted in a horizontal flume with a co-directional two-layer flow of different density into a line sink. Saline water was used as the fluid of the lower layer instead of sediment-laden turbid water for achieving a steady state. In this study, a trend curve was produced using the data of many runs which were taken under varying conditions from aspiration of both layers to only lower-layer aspiration. An adequate parameter for determining the critical condition was obtained from this trend curve. The critical condition is defined as the beginning or ending of aspiration for the upper layer. Suitable variables for the parameter are also discussed. A theoretical formula is suggested and verified, which is better than a traditional empirical formula for calculating the withdrawal concentration. Effects of slot elevation on the lower layer flow and the thickness of the mixing layer are also discussed.     

差流量吹氩模式对150 t钢包混匀与顶渣行为的影响

 针对钢包传统的双孔等流量底吹氩模式在流量较大时造成的流股相互碰撞、搅拌能耗散大、钢包卷渣和钢水二次氧化倾向大的问题,提出一种双孔差流量搅拌模式,并以150 t工业钢包为原型,采用1∶3物理模型研究了两个吹氩孔分布、吹氩流量和渣层厚度对新底吹模式下钢水混匀时间与顶部渣眼面积的影响。结果表明,与传统等流量吹氩模式相比,双孔差流量搅拌钢包混匀时间和渣眼面积普遍有所减小。其中,两个底吹透气砖在包底0.6R(钢包底部半径)处、夹角为180°时,可获得较短的混匀时间和较小的渣眼,且两个渣眼出现在钢包液面两侧,避免了常见的渣层偏聚不均匀现象。研究结果为工业实践中采用新型双孔差流量搅拌模式改善钢包冶金效果、更好地抑制钢水二次氧化提供了依据。     

An investigation of the effect of porosity and diluents on micropyretic synthesis

A numerical model of combustion/micropyretic synthesis of a composite system is developed. The new features of the model include the consideration of melting of each constituent of the reactants and products and the inclusion of considerations involving dilution and porosity. The effect of porosity is to change both the thermal conductivity and density. The model for the porosity which is considered in this article shows the significance of its effect on the velocity and the type of the combustion front. Different values of porosities are considered for the reactants and products. For an illustrative analysis, a systematic study of the variation of porosity of reactants and products is carried out for the combustion synthesis of TiB₂ and TiC. The numerical results indicate that as the reactant porosity values are decreased, the combustion velocity first increases because of an increase in the thermal conductivity. The combustion velocity, after reaching a maximum, decreases with a further decrease in the porosity. As the porosity is varied, there is a considerable effect on the nature of propagation of the combustion front, which may change from a steady state to an oscillatory mode. Results indicate that as the reactant porosity is decreased, the frequency of oscillations of the combustion front first increase and then decrease with a further decrease in the reactant porosity. The differences in the mechanism for the decrease in velocities at very low values of reactant porosities for the two systems TiC and TiB₂ are identified. The results of considering different values of porosities in the reactants and the product are also presented. For the study of the effect of diluents, the product itself is considered as the diluent. The effect of adding the diluent to the initial reactants is to decrease the combustion temperature and the combustion velocity. The diluent also changes the mode of combustion. An increase in the amount of the diluent results in the decrease of the frequency of oscillations.     

钢包底吹氩水模实验研究

采用水力学模型实验方法研究了不同示踪剂加入位置、不同透气砖布置方式以及不同送气量对钢液混匀时间的影响.结果表明:示踪剂偏向中心位置加入,混匀时间较短;对于同样的底部送气量,两块透气砖对称分布在同一直径上时,混匀时间较短;混匀时间随气体流量的增大而减少.