自适应RED算法在OBS网络中的应用

队列管理是光突发交换(OBS)网络边缘节点的重要功能之一.对随机早期检测(RED)队列管理算法及两种自适应RED算法在OBS网络中的应用进行了研究和仿真分析.仿真结果表示:动态调整队列权重的自适应RED算法和动态调整最大丢包率的自适应RED算法均能改进RED算法的性能,但是后者的性能优于前者.     

OBS网络中冲突解决方法研究

在OBS网络中,当两个或多个突发包要求在同一时刻,同一输出端口的同一波长上预留资源时．就会产生突发数据包的资源竞争。如何解决资源竞争问题是OBS技术能否最终走向实际应用的关键技术之一。文章首先介绍OBS的基本原理、网络结构、OBS网络的资源预约机制、边缘路由器的封装机制和资源调度机制,接着研究解决OBS网络中突发数据包之间争夺链路资源问题的竞争解决机制,随后详细的给出四种竞争解决方案：光缓存、波长转换、偏射路由和突发分段丢弃,并分析了它们的性能。在此基础上,文章最后提出了各种资源竞争解决方案相结合的联合解决机制的思想。     

光突发交换网络中的传输控制协议性能

光突发交换(OBS)是IP over WDM核心网络采用的交换技术。在OBS网络中,送往同一边缘节点的IP分组汇聚成传输和交换的基本单元———数据突发(DB),DB丢弃会导致大量IP分组丢失,显著影响传输层的性能。文中分析OBS网络的参数对传输控制协议(TCP)吞吐量和时延的影响。仿真结果表明,DB丢包率越高,TCP性能越差。在低丢包率情况下,随着DB长度的增加,TCP吞吐量和端到端时延明显增加,高丢包率情况下则不明显;随着汇聚周期的增加,TCP吞吐量逐渐下降,端到端时延逐渐增加。     

光突发交换网络边缘节点的性能模拟与硬件实现

光突发交换(OBS)网络是一种有望实现小粒度、动态光交换的新型光通信网络结构,OBS边缘节点的性能分析与硬件实现对于OBS网络的实用化具有重要意义.以NS-2软件为基础,设计并实现了针对OBS网络的仿真平台,对由3个核心节点和6个边缘节点构成的OBS网络的运行情况(包括路由选择、突发包汇聚、资源利用率等)进行了仿真.同...     

光突发交换网络的QoS策略研究

光突发交换网络(OBS)是一种IP over WDM的光交换技术,能很好地支持突发业务。OBS系统采用单向波长资源预留方式为突发数据分组预留前向数据波长通道,这样提高了传输交换效率、减少了建链时间,但同时因路由连接的非确定性而引起突发分组的易丢失性。所以QoS戍为OBS网络中的最亟需解决的问题。对OBS网络所采取的多种改善其QoS的策略进行了研究。     

全光网络中一种基于完全图的分组调度算法

在无缓存的全光OBS网络中由于相互竞争而被丢弃的数据突发是造成其高丢包率的主要原因,而分组调度策略可以从整体上改善OBS网络的这种缺点。本文建立了一种改进的分组调度映射模型,并提出了一种基于完全图的分组调度算法,该算法相对简单且容易实现,能够较好地解决OBS网络中由于数据突发的无序竞争所致的丢包问题,从而进一步提高网络的服务质量及其信道利用率。     

多粒度光突发交换网络目

高丢弃率一直是制约光突发交换(OBS:Optical Burst Switching)发展的关键因素,在OBS中引入双向预约机制是降低突发丢弃的有效方法.文章以OBS网络架构为基础,将波带交换与OBS相结合,提出交换粒度覆盖波带/波长/突发的多粒度光突发交换网络,以求在有效降低突发竞争的同时,提高网络的传输效率,增强OBS网络的实用性.     

一种能有效支持QoS的光突发装配技术

提出了一种新的光突发装配技术，目的在于增强光突发交换(OBS)网络的服务质量(QoS)能力。该技术由自适应门限突发装配算法和基于优先级的随机化的偏移时间设置方案构成。该装配算法特别适合于多类别分组混合装配，能让所有类别的分组公平有效地使用装配能力，能较好地与IP层的QoS机制相匹配。偏移设置方案将突发控制分组(BCP)与突发数据(BP)间的偏移时间分成QoS偏移和随机偏移，前者由改进的JET协议按照有选择性的突发段丢弃机制(BSSD)确定，后者则由令牌桶机制确定。BSSD仅丢弃包含有低类别分组的突发段，而非整个突发。计算机仿真结果表明，本文提出的突发装配技术在性能上具有优越性。     

基于集成节点的PON与OBS网络互连技术研究

无源光网络(PON)与光突发交换(OBS)网的互连是光分组传送网络发展的必然.文章分析了PON与OBS网互连存在的主要问题及已有的解决方案,提出一种聚合PON与OBS边缘节点功能的集成节点结构,研究基于集成节点的PON与0BS网络互连技术方案,提出基于业务流量的三级汇聚机制,分析结果表明三级汇聚机制可以保证业务等级,减少业务延时.     

OBS网络中的新型竞争解决方案

提出一种解决光突发交换(OBS)网络节点中突发数据包冲突的方案.发生冲突时,在OBS层重传被丢弃突发数据包,然后给出评估这种重传机制丢包率的方法,并与偏射路由策略的性能进行比较,结果表明突发重传机制显著改善了丢包率.可以很好地实现服务质量(QoS)机制.     

Dropping Policy with Burst Retransmission to Improve the Throughput of TCP Over Optical Burst-switched Networks

A major concern in optical burst-switched (OBS) networks is contention, which occurs when more than one bursts contend for the same data channel at the same time. Due to the bufferless nature of OBS networks, these contentions randomly occur at any degree of congestion in the network. When contention occurs at any core node, the core node drops bursts according to its dropping policy. Burst loss in OBS networks significantly degrades the throughput of TCP sources in the local access networks because current TCP congestion control mechanisms perform a slow start phase mainly due to contention rather than heavy congestion. However, there has not been much study about the impact of burst loss on the performance of TCP over OBS networks. To improve TCP throughput over OBS networks, we first introduce a dropping policy with burst retransmission that retransmits the bursts dropped due to contention, at the ingress node. Then, we extend the dropping policy with burst retransmission to drop a burst that has experienced fewer retransmissions in the event of contention at a core node in order to reduce the number of events that a TCP source enters the slow start phase due to contention. In addition, we propose to limit the number of retransmissions of each burst to prevent severe congestion. For the performance evaluation of the proposed schemes, we provide an analytic throughput model of TCP over OBS networks. Through simulations as well as analytic modeling, it is shown that the proposed dropping policy with burst retransmission can improve TCP throughput over OBS networks compared with an existing dropping policy without burst retransmission.     

Investigation on group based contention bandwidth request in LTE-A networks under high delay spread environment

In this paper, contention bandwidth request has been investigated for long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) networks under extended typical urban based multipath fading channel that displays high delay spread environment. As the choice of preambles has to provide high detection probability under such environments, at the outset, this paper examines various group based preamble selection mechanisms, namely, Type I, Type II and Type III preamble sets. With suitable type of group based preamble, the challenge during contention bandwidth request is the appropriate choice of contention window during contention resolution. The contention window in this paper is chosen based on the indicators of various failure events, namely, probability of collision due to contention, probability of unavailability of bandwidth, probability of channel error and probability of improper detection of Zadoff–Chu sequences. After suggesting a scheme to account the possible failure events, an analytical model for contention-based bandwidth request has been developed for LTE-A networks. In addition, two backoff mechanisms are proposed to resolve contention among user equipment’s effectively and these mechanisms are compared to the existing techniques, namely, binary exponential backoff and uniform backoff. Further, the contention mechanism has been substantiated for varying depth of channel errors. With Type I grouping, the backoff with optimized contention window improves the efficiency by 13.95 %, reduces the access delay by 18.71 % and decreases the dropping probability by 59.33 % than the existing uniform backoff mechanism.     

一种新的用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA中提供QoS的方法

该文提出了一种新的应用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)中提供QoS(Quality of Service)的方法。这种方法是将几个时隙组合起来构成一个超时隙,每个超时隙的开始分配给不同的业务来进行发包。时隙的分配是根据各种业务的不同优先级来实现的。这种方法可以保证高优先级业务具有较大的吞吐量,较少的MAC延时和较低的丢包率。与802.11e EDCA草案中提出的不同冲突窗口大小的方法相比,这种方法具有可以提高吞吐量,降低丢包率,并能减小站点数目变化对高优先级业务吞吐量的影响等优点。这种新的提供QoS的方法优于不同冲突窗口大小的方法,在IEEE 802.11e EDCA中应用超时隙方法可以大大提高EDCA的性能。     

Contention-Based Limited Deflection Routing Protocol in Optical Burst-Switched Networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a very promising switching technology for realization of an economical optical Internet. In OBS networks, when contention occurs at an intermediate switch, two or more bursts that are in contention can be lost because a forwarding path reservation is not made for a burst until a control message for the burst arrives. That is the reason why one of the critical design issues in OBS is finding ways to minimize burst dropping resulting from resource contention. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel deflection routing protocol, which mitigates and resolves contention with significantly better performance as compared with techniques currently known in the literature. While several variants of the basic deflection routing scheme have been proposed before, they all lacked the ability to determine the alternate route based on clear performance objectives. In this paper, we present an on-demand deflection routing scheme, which sequentially performs the following: 1) based on certain performance criteria, dynamically determines if the burst should be deflection routed or retransmitted from source and 2) if the decision is to deflection route, then the same is done using a path that is based on minimization of a performance measure that combines distance and blocking due to contention. The proposed contention-based limited deflection routing scheme prevents injudicious deflection routing. Our simulation results show that the scheme proposed here has much superior performance both in terms of burst loss probability and increased network throughput. Through analytical and simulation modeling, a number of useful insights into the OBS network protocols and performance are provided.     

WiMAX中的多业务接入性能分析

针对IEEE802.16媒体接入机制,研究了WiMAX(微波存取全球互通)系统中多业务场景下的吞吐量、接入延时和丢包率性能,考察了帧结构、最小竞争窗和延时约束对不同优先级业务性能的影响。仿真结果表明,选择最优的帧结构并为有不同QoS(服务质量)需求的业务选择接入参数,能够增加系统吞吐量,减小业务接入延时和丢包率。     

多类别终端无线局域网实时业务性能研究

针对具有不同MAC参数和应用类型的终端在IEEE802.11DCF无线局域网内共存的情况,使用离散Markov模型分析信道在饱和状态时的竞争特性,研究实时业务吞吐量、竞争延迟和丢失率等性能指标与协议参数和数据帧长度的关系。计算和仿真实验结果的对比验证了分析模型的正确性,表明部分终端协议参数的改变会引起所有业务性能变化,而合理调整最小竞争窗口和最大回退次数可以改善实时业务的性能。     

光突发交换网络中支持QoS的一种竞争处理机制

分段丢弃是最近提出的一种资源竞争解决方法.该文对尾部丢弃竞争处理方法中存在的弊端进行了分析.提出了改进的头部丢弃处理方法,该方法是当竞争重叠部分长度小于整个后到的竞争突发数据的长度时就丢弃后到突发数据的头部,否则就丢弃整个后到突发数据.为了更好地支持区分服务和尽可能地减少错序,该文还提出了基于优先级的混合封装机制.仿真结果证明基于优先级的混合封装机制和改进的头部丢弃方法联合使用时,对降低分组丢失率及支持区分服务等性能效果很明显.     

The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP performance

This paper studies TCP performance in a stationary multihop wireless network using IEEE 802.11 for channel access control. We first show that, given a specific network topology and flow patterns, there exists an optimal window size W* at which TCP achieves the highest throughput via maximum spatial reuse of the shared wireless channel. However, TCP grows its window size much larger than W* leading to throughput reduction. We then explain the TCP throughput decrease using our observations and analysis of the packet loss in an overloaded multihop wireless network. We find out that the network overload is typically first signified by packet drops due to wireless link-layer contention, rather than buffer overflow-induced losses observed in the wired Internet. As the offered load increases, the probability of packet drops due to link contention also increases, and eventually saturates. Unfortunately the link-layer drop probability is insufficient to keep the TCP window size around W'*. We model and analyze the link contention behavior, based on which we propose link RED that fine-tunes the link-layer packet dropping probability to stabilize the TCP window size around W*. We further devise adaptive pacing to better coordinate channel access along the packet forwarding path. Our simulations demonstrate 5 to 30 percent improvement of TCP throughput using the proposed two techniques.     

Variable Cyclic Prefix for Contention-Based Wireless Access in OFDM-Based Vehicular Communication Systems

In vehicular environment, signal transmissions face more challenges than in indoor wireless local area systems. In such an unpredictable communication environment, multipath fading causes high bit error rate, which leads to higher dropping probability of packets. In order to reduce the dropping probability of handshaking packets without increasing the infrastructure capability, we propose to modify the traditional cyclic prefix into a variable cyclic prefix (VCP) of request-to-send and clear-to-send frames. By reducing the handshaking packet error rates, we improve the contention ability in carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance scheme in vehicle-to-infrastructure transmission. Suitable VCP time slots and dynamically adjustable VCPs are predicted based on the analysis of appropriate environmental parameters.     

无缓存片上网络的研究

对芯片面积、能耗上的严格限制是片上网络与宏观网络的最大不同。片上网络路由器中的缓存占用了大量的芯片面积和功耗,因此无缓存片上网络得到广泛关注。它完全去掉路由器内的缓存,通过偏转未获得有效端口的微片,处理微片对输出端口的竞争。本文对无缓存偏转网络的原理及关键技术进行了研究,包括拓扑结构、仲裁策略等。最后,通过与有缓存网络的对比,对无缓存网络的优势与劣势进行了总结。