影响Cr12N高氮钢中氮含量的因素研究

利用真空反应釜冶炼Cr12N高氮钢,在冶炼过程中通过改变冶炼温度、压力、底吹时间、底吹气量等条件,研究Cr12N高氮钢中氮含量。试验结果表明:当温度从1 560℃上升到1 620℃时,Cr12N高氮钢中N含量从0.37%迅速下降至0.34%;压力从1.1 MPa升至1.6 MPa时,钢水中的N含量从0.31%增加到0.39%,涨幅达25.8%。由于压力较高,钢液中的N含量与氮分压之间呈非线性关系,与Sievert定律存在一定的偏离;底吹时间在5～15 min范围内时,Cr12N高氮钢中N含量随着底吹时间的增加而增加,当底吹时间大于15 min时,Cr12N高氮钢中N含量趋于饱和;底吹流量在0.16～0.18 m3/h范围内,随着底吹流量的增加,Cr12N高氮钢中N含量呈显著上升的趋势,当底吹量达到0.18 m3/h时钢中N含量达到最大值,此后随底吹量的增大,钢中N含量开始降低。     

AOD炉冶炼含氮不锈钢氮合金化工艺开发

介绍了AOD炉运用氮气在不锈钢中溶解与脱除理论所开发的氮合金化工艺。在40tAOD炉上冶炼0Cr19Ni9N,0Cr19Ni9NbN,1Cr17Mn6Ni5N,00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2（N）,00Cr22Ni5Mo3N等舍氮不锈钢钢种。不需在线分析钢中氮含量，较为准确地预测与控制钢中氮溶解度值及舍氮不锈钢成品的氮含量。     

不锈钢控氮理论计算与实践

采用不同的氮在钢中的溶解度公式,计算了两种含氮不锈钢冶炼时所需要的氮气压力,并在50kg真空感应炉上,通过改变氮气压力,对两种不锈钢进行了氮含量控制实践。结果表明,采用Fujio测定值的理论计算值与试验实测值吻合度较高,同时给出了钢中氮含量的理论计算公式。     

Mn18Cr18N高氮奥氏体不锈钢的冶炼工艺

为了研究Mn18Cr18N高氮奥氏体不锈钢的冶炼工艺,采用加压感应炉+保护气氛电渣重熔工艺进行Mn18Cr18N高氮奥氏体不锈钢的冶炼工艺试验,冶炼过程中采用氮化合金与加压氮气渗入相结合的方法增氮。结果表明,随着氮气分压的增加,钢中氮质量分数随之增大;当冶炼过程中氮气分压提高0.03 MPa时,能够成功抑制皮下气泡的生产;试验钢经保护气氛电渣重熔后,钢中夹杂物会普遍降低,主要为细小的方形TiN夹杂。     

奥氏体不锈钢中氮溶解度的热力学计算和实验研究

采用热力学分析方法,对固态不锈钢304、304L、301S和301L(γ-相)以及奥氏体不锈钢熔体中氮溶解度进行了计算,得出了氮溶解度的计算模型;同时通过1 kg MoSi电阻炉对4种奥氏体不锈钢在1520～1580℃和33～100 kPa压力下的渗氮行为进行了实验研究。结果表明,氮在固态奥氏体不锈钢的γ-相中的溶解度最高;在常压冷却、凝固过程中存在的液相、δ-相至γ-相的转变;当不锈钢熔体中相对于δ-相过饱和的氮在钢中以气泡形式析出,则降低了奥氏体钢的氮含量,所以采用常压快速冷却或加压浇注有利于冶炼高氮奥氏体不锈钢。     

加压技术在高品质特殊钢冶炼和凝固中的作用

 加压技术在高品质特殊钢冶炼和凝固方面的研究主要集中在含氮不锈钢,尤其是高氮钢的冶炼制备技术;综述了加压技术在高品质特殊钢制备过程中的作用,如增大易挥发元素（氮、钙、镁等）溶解度及改善凝固组织等作用,并以高氮钢（22Cr-21Ni-7.5Mo-0.6N）为试验钢种,结合Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件探讨了压力对凝固相变过程的影响规律,计算结果表明,当加压至100 MPa后,固液相线温度分别提高了6.60和5.98 K,且改变了奥氏体形成区域大小,增加了固液相变驱动力,减小了临界形核半径,增大了形核速率。随着对易挥发元素作用认识的不断深入,加压技术将在高品质特殊钢的研发和制备过程中发挥至关重要的作用。     

C-HRA-5含Nb奥氏体耐热钢中氮的溶解行为研究

摘要：为实现C-HRA-5含Nb奥氏体耐热钢冶炼过程气相氮合金化精确控制,进行了0.033~0.1MPa氮气压力和1793~1853K下的气相渗氮实验,建立了含Nb耐热钢的氮溶解度模型和气相渗氮动力学模型。结果表明：通过考虑Cr、Ni与Nb对氮活度相互作用系数,含Nb奥氏体耐热钢的氮溶解度模型计算结果和实测值吻合良好,氮溶解度随冶炼温度升高而减小,随氮气压力增大而增大且符合Sieverts定律。气相 钢液间的渗氮动力学过程主要受界面化学反应速率控制,氮溶解反应速率常数随温度升高而增大,氮气压力则对其无明显影响,C-HRA-5钢的氮溶解反应速率常数可表示为lgk=2.1-7889/Tcm/(%·s)。     

C-HRA-5含Nb奥氏体耐热钢中氮的溶解行为研究

为实现C-HRA-5含Nb奥氏体耐热钢冶炼过程气相氮合金化精确控制,进行了0.033～0.1 MPa氮气压力和1 793～1 853 K下的气相渗氮实验,建立了含Nb耐热钢的氮溶解度模型和气相渗氮动力学模型。结果表明:通过考虑Cr、Ni与Nb对氮活度相互作用系数,含Nb奥氏体耐热钢的氮溶解度模型计算结果和实测值吻合良好,氮溶解度随冶炼温度升高而减小,随氮气压力增大而增大且符合Sieverts定律。气相-钢液间的渗氮动力学过程主要受界面化学反应速率控制,氮溶解反应速率常数随温度升高而增大,氮气压力则对其无明显影响,C-HRA-5钢的氮溶解反应速率常数可表示为lgk=2.1-7 889/T cm/(%·s)。     

真空感应炉冶炼高氮钢的影响因素

通过工艺试验研究,分析探讨了真空感应炉在冶炼高氮钢过程中炉内压力、温度、化学成分、氮化物加入时间等因素对钢中氮含量的影响,在此基础上给出了真空感应炉冶炼高氮钢氮含量的经验公式,结果表明用真空感应炉冶炼高氮钢时,钢的化学成分和加入的氮化物对氮含量有较大影响.     

合金元素及凝固模式对含氮不锈钢氮含量的影响

通过冶炼实验研究Mn、Cr和Ni对不锈钢凝固模式及铸锭氮含量的影响,探讨影响氮含量的关键因素,并分析合金元素对钢液与铸锭中氮含量影响的相互作用系数的区别.实验结果表明,影响氮含量的因素主要为钢液中氮的溶解度和不锈钢的凝固模式.增加钢液中氮的溶解度、改变凝固模式由F→FA→AF→A时,不锈钢的溶氮能力提高,氮气的溢出量减少,氮含量增加.随Mn含量增加,铸锭中氮含量线性增加,而随Cr和Ni含量增加,氮含量的变化均存在三个特征阶段.分析认为:Mn含量变化不改变凝固模式（FA）,相互作用系数E_NMn为-0.0286,与钢液中相近;而随Cr和Ni含量增加,凝固模式分别依次经历F→FA→AF→A和FA→AF→A模式,相互作用系数E_NCr和E_NNi非定值,分别为E_NCr=-0.046和-0.011,E_NNi=-0.011和0.033.      

Research on Nitrogen Solubility of Fe–Cr–Mn–V–N System Alloys in Liquid and Solid Phases

In this paper, the thermodynamic model of nitrogen solubility in vanadium nitrogen microalloyed high strength weathering steels of Fe–Cr–Mn–V–N system, according to Hillert’s model for Gibbs energy of its various phases, was established and validated. In the model, the effect of the nitrogen partial pressure on the activity coefficient and the lattice structure characteristics of the vanadium nitrogen precipitated phase were considered. It would be of guiding significance for the design and smelting of Fe–Cr–Mn–V–N system alloys. Based on the established model, the nitrogen contents in \(\delta\), \(\gamma\), \(\alpha\) phase and liquid were calculated as a function of the temperature for Fe–Cr–Mn–V–N system alloys. The results show that: first, the maximum solubility of nitrogen in the solidification process is obviously affected by the phase transition when there is a sudden change in the solubility of nitrogen at the phase transition point. The maximum nitrogen solubility of the molten steel in the delta phase region determines whether nitrogen bubbles are formed during the solidification process. The nitrogen solubility is lowest in the solid–liquid region (about 1673 K). Secondly, the increase of Cr and Mn content is beneficial to improve nitrogen solubility in liquid and solid phases. However, the increase of V content mainly affects the nitrogen solubility in the solid phase because the nitrogen in this temperature range is precipitated in the form of vanadium nitride, as the second phase plays a role in strengthening. In addition, the alloying element Mn has a significant effect on nitrogen solubility since the Mn element is the promoting element of austenitic formation. During the solidification process, the delta ferrite region gradually reduces and may disappear with increasing Mn content. Therefore, increasing the Mn content of the alloy system in the design of alloy composition, can reduce the precipitation trend of the nitrogen during the solidification process, which can effectively avoid bubble formation in high nitrogen weathering steels. Lastly, with the increase in the nitrogen partial pressure, the solubility of nitrogen increases during the liquid and solid phases.     

The Nitrogen Solubility in Molten Stainless Steel

Nitrogen solubility in the austenitic stainless steel melts was measured in the laboratory by bubbling nitrogen gas under different partial pressures of nitrogen and temperatures. A new thermodynamic model for the calculation of nitrogen solubility in molten stainless steel in a wide range of alloy concentrations, temperatures, and pressures has been successfully established by introducing a new term for the effect of pressure on the nitrogen activity coefficient. The calculation results were in good agreement with the measured values. The influences of temperature, nitrogen partial pressure and chemical composition on the nitrogen solubility in molten stainless steel are discussed based on the calculated results. It is possible to produce high nitrogen steels at normal pressure by optimizing the design of the alloy composition and controlling the lowest melting temperature from a thermodynamic point of view.     

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In order to research the effect of nitrogen absorption with blowing N2 and adding FeCrN alloy to the liquid steel, the nick-free high nitrogen stainless steel (17Cr12Mn2Mo) was smelted on the 50kg vacuum induction melting furnace by changing the nitrogen pressure, temperature and adding FeCrN alloy. The result was compared to the theoretical calculation. The results show, stainless steel with certain nitrogen content can be smelted through changing nitrogen pressure and temperature, and the effect of increasing nitrogen pressure is much better than changing temperature, when the nitrogen pressure is up to 0??65MPa, the actual result is equal to the theoretical calculation; the effect of adding FeCrN alloy is better than increasing nitrogen press and controlling temperature, and the actual result is higher than the theoretical calculation.     

On Restricting Aspects in the Production of Nonmagnetic Cr‐Mn‐N‐alloyed Steels

Cr‐Mn steel grades with high nitrogen contents are becoming increasingly important in the field of austenitic stainless steels. Industrial production facilities allow to use two different strategies to reach a high nitrogen content. The first involves taking advantage of the pressurised‐electroslag remelting process, which is operated at elevated nitrogen partial pressure; the second consists of adding elements which increase the nitrogen solubility of the melt so that high nitrogen contents can be achieved at atmospheric pressure. This paper focuses on nitrogen solubility and austenite stability. These have been observed as important and in some cases restricting for the successful implementation and production of high alloyed Cr‐Mn austenitic steels. The precondition for a stable austenitic microstructure can be predicted with the help of equations using chromium and nickel equivalents. Different formulae were tested and their results compared to the microstructure of the alloys. The nitrogen solubility in the melt is particularly important for the steel grades cast under atmospheric conditions. It has been found feasible to produce steel grades up to 0.9 mass percent nitrogen at atmospheric pressure on an industrial scale. Several theoretical approaches for calculating the nitrogen solubility in the melt were tested for atmospheric conditions and compared to the chemical analyses of conventionally cast Cr‐Mn steel grades.     

氮在6Cr21Mn10MoVNbN气阀钢熔体中的热力学分析

采用当量法对高氮钢钢液中的氮含量进行了推导,并用304不锈钢和316不锈钢的有关试验数据进行了验证,确定当量法可以进行高氮钢液氮溶解度的估算。随着合金含量的提高,氮在钢液中的溶解度会逐渐偏离Sieverts定律。通过热力学分析,得出了6Cr21Mn10MoVNbN气阀钢钢液中氮溶解度的估算公式。     

不锈钢冶炼及凝固过程氮的控制

总结了氮在不锈钢中有害和有利正反两方面的作用。通过热力学计算和实测数据分析了温度和氮分压对不锈钢熔体中氮溶解度的影响,理论分析了不锈钢熔体吸氮和脱氮的动力学,指出了真空和高压分别是生产超低氮和高氮钢的主要方法。结合以往的研究成果和生产实践提出了生产超低氮铁素体不锈钢和高氮不锈钢的具体工艺技术措施。     

高氮Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni系奥氏体不锈钢的加压感应熔炼

采用MgO坩埚高频真空感应炉在氮气压力0.45~1.0MPa、温度1640~1700℃下,对加压感应熔炼高氮Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni系奥氏体不锈钢进行了实验研究。结果表明,1913K、1.0MPa氮气氛中Cr12、Cr17Mn5Ni5、Cr19Mn15和Cr20Mn8不锈钢中氮的溶解度分别为0.391%、0.692%、1.120%和0.899%,氮在液态不锈钢中的溶解与Sievert定律有所偏离;氧浓度在350×10^-6内,1913K、1.0MPa氮气氛中Cr20Mn8钢液的吸氮反应仍为一级反应,其传质系数为0.023cm·s^-1;随钢中氧浓度的增加,液态钢的吸氮速率和钢液中的平衡氮含量显著降低。     

氮气加压熔炼高氮钢若干理论问题探讨

导出了氮在铁合金溶液中的溶解度模型，探讨了表面活性元素对吸氮过程的影响，且对含氮铁合金溶液的凝固过程、氮的偏析及保持氮在熔体中的最小压力进行了精确解析。