500kV变压器瓦斯继电器误动作原因分析

气体继电器作为变压器的主保护对变压器的安全运行起到关键的作用,文中介绍一起500 kV变压器重瓦斯保护动作的经过.对500 kV瓦斯继电器的结构和动作原理进行了说明.最终分析出该次重瓦斯保护动作是由于励磁涌流过太、变压器内部存在气体以及重瓦斯保护整定值偏低等综合原因造成的误动作.同时针对此次的误动作在变压器的使用、维护...     

一起500kV智能变电站跳闸事故的分析

针对一起500k V智能变电站双母双分段中压侧的跳闸事故,扼要简述保护动作情况和动作时序。针对中压侧全停事故,深入分析母线差动保护和主变保护动作的行为,指出智能站中压侧母线及主变的动作条件和机理。通过对比常规站双母双分段之间的失灵回路,提出智能站双母双分段之间的互启失灵、动作原理以及保护与智能终端的配合思路,并对失灵的原因和改进方式进行着重研究。探讨主变与母线差动保护之间失灵联跳回路的原理和条件,分析智能站在联跳及失灵回路和逻辑判别上的差异,指出复压闭锁、过电流判别以及固定延时的改进措施。重点探讨新型智能站CT极性回路的置反情况,结合本次跳闸事故,指出CT极性配置方案和保护动作原理,并根据运行方式提出合理的建议。     

欠电压保护助力高炉增产提效

文中对欠电压保护的作用进行了概述,同时对欠电压保护在10 k V配电系统中出现的问题进行了分析讨论,提出了正确使用10 k V配电系统欠电压保护的方法,从而确保高炉生产的安全、高效和稳定运行。     

励磁涌流引起的变压器差动保护误动作分析及对策

励磁涌流和内部故障的可靠鉴别是实现变压器差动保护的关键问题,它直接制约着变压器差动保护正确动作率。介绍了一起励磁涌流引起的变压器差动保护误动作行为。对变压器差动保护的配置、故障录波数据和保护动作行为进行了分析,结合二次谐波制动原理和间断角制动原理对故障录波数据中变压器励磁涌流的谐波数据和波形进行了详细分析,提出了对励磁涌流相关整定值进行改进的防范对策。分析方法及过程具有一定的参考价值。     

主动式饱和铁心型超导限流器对超高压输电线路零序电流保护的影响

随着短路电流水平不断增加,传统的限流措施己经很难满足现代电力系统发展的需要。超导限流器是解决电网短路电流的有效措施之一。目前,天津220 k V超导限流器和昆明普吉35 k V超导限流器已经投入运行,500 k V高温超导限流器技术也进入样机研发阶段。500 k V超导限流器研制和挂网示范运行后,将取得在超高压等级超导限流技术的世界领先地位。本文对主动式饱和铁心型超导限流器的工作原理及其技术优点进行了详细介绍,针对其接入500k V超高压输电线路后对零序电流保护的影响进行了详细的分析论证,并在PSCAD/EM TDC仿真平台搭建相应的仿真模型,仿真结果良好的论证了理论分析。     

丰万500kV超高压线路串联补偿装置的保护和控制改造

针对500k V丰万双回超高压输电线路的串联补偿改造工程,对串联补偿原理和各串补元件功能进行简要介绍,指出改造的目的和成果。为验证国产化装置动作逻辑和控制系统的正确性,对电容器组、金属氧化物限压器MOV、火花间隙GAP、阻尼回路、旁路开关以及刀开关等串补装置在简述其功能的基础上进行参数建模,并根据串联补偿实际运行方式,搭建与现场系统联络方式一致的等值系统,对串联补偿控制保护系统进行RTDS动态仿真,验证线路区内外金属性故障、经过渡电阻、发展性故障、能量保护和电容器不平衡等保护的动作行为。结合典型的3/2接线方式,着重探讨串补与常规保护之间的二次配合和逻辑关系,指出失灵联跳的原理和方式,并根据现场实践和仿真分析给出合理的运行建议。     

DF100型机车差示压力计动作故障研究与探讨

通过研究差示压力计动作故障的原理,查找出差示压力计误动作及正常动作的故障原因,提出了对策措施。深入分析了盐水密度对差示压力计动作值的影响。结合多台机车长时间的运行观察,得出了将差示压力计动作值提升到800Pa,也能符合机车运用要求的结论。     

DF10D型机车差示压力计动作故障研究与探讨

通过研究差示压力计动作故障的原理,查找出差示压力计误动作及正常动作的故障原因,提出了对策措施.深入分析了盐水密度对差示压力计动作值的影响.结合多台机车长时间的运行观察,得出了将差示压力计动作值提升到800 Pa,也能符合机车运用要求的结论.     

交流滤波器差动保护误动作的原因分析及对策

分析了交流滤波器差动保护误动作的原因,提出了改进措施。对故障录波数据进行了仿真分析,针对差动保护装置中的I/V变送器进行了电磁兼容试验,分析得出I/V变送器抗干扰性能差是造成差动保护误动作的主要原因。针对交流滤波器差动保护抗干扰性能差的问题,从硬件和软件两个方面提出了相应的改进措施。     

大规模风电接入后电网离线分析

依托DIGSILENT仿真软件,搭建双馈异步风机和永磁直驱风机仿真模型。通过建立低电压穿越功能模型,对2020年前华东电网夏季高峰运行方式,进行大规模风电接入后的短路电流计算和故障校核方式的仿真分析,用以验证风电机组的运行特性。结果表明:对于双馈风机,由于对不对称保护的特殊要求,电网不对称故障引起风电机组跳机(无低电压穿越能力)或Crowbar动作(有低电压穿越能力)的范围远大于对称故障,应采用不对称故障校核方式。对于直驱风机,直流母线越限保护动作与否,只与母线电压的降落幅度有关,仍应采用常规的对称故障校核方式。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.