紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测,测定了径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度,以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期,其峰值出现在雨强最大时;集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期,是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因;降雨-径流过程中,颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中 PN/DN 多小于1,而 PP/DP 范围为1.1~30.2,说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式,而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

紫色丘陵区典型小流域暴雨径流氮磷迁移过程与通量

对紫色丘陵区盐亭截流小流域2007年3次暴雨径流的全过程进行了连续监测,测定了径流量及降雨—径流过程中氮、磷的形态、浓度与通量变化。结果表明,N、P各形态浓度变化曲线与流量曲线趋势大致相同,总氮(TN)浓度迅速达到峰值后缓慢下降,而后期又略呈上升趋势,硝态氮(NN)浓度变化总体呈上升趋势,颗粒态氮(PN)与颗粒态磷(PP)浓度在径流过程中迅速达到峰值后陡然下降,氨态氮(AN)及磷酸盐(PO43-P)含量较低且波动较小。暴雨径流前期氮素迁移以PN为主,主要来源于地表径流,受降雨强度控制。后期以NN为主,来源于土壤硝酸盐随壤中流淋失。磷素主要以地表径流迁移的PP为主。暴雨径流导致的N、P流失负荷巨大,说明初期冲刷效应明显。     

生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,研究生态沟渠对稻田降雨径流氮磷拦截效应具有重要意义。针对水稻不同生长期内的降雨以及降雨的不同时段下生态沟渠对稻田径流氮磷的动态拦截效应研究缺乏的现状,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,将该流域的自然排水沟渠改造为生态沟渠。研究了生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期内的3场降雨径流的氮磷去除效果。研究结果表明:(1)在3场不同强度的降雨过程中,生态沟渠对TN(总氮)的平均去除率为31.4%,TP(总磷)的平均去除率为40.8%;(2)生态沟渠对降雨径流不同形态氮磷的去除率大小为NH4+-N(氨氮)PN(颗粒态氮)NO3--N(硝态氮),PP(颗粒态磷)DP(溶解态磷),且PN和PP的去除率随沟渠径流量的增大而呈现下降趋势;(3)生态沟渠底泥总氮、总磷浓度在水稻的生长周期内呈现先增加后降低的趋势,说明生态沟渠具有一定的自净能力,对氮磷的拦截去除具有可持续性。     

生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,生态塘兼具排水和生态湿地双重功效,研究其对稻田排水氮磷的拦截效应对于防治农业非点源污染具有重要意义。针对降雨径流条件下生态塘对降雨径流中氮磷的动态拦截效应以及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应有待明了的需求,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,并将该区域的塘堰改造为生态塘,研究了生态塘对水稻生长期内的三场降雨径流氮磷的拦截去除效果及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应。研究结果表明:(1)在三场降雨过程中,生态塘对总氮(TN)的平均去除率为34.7%,总磷(TP)的平均去除率为34.8%;(2)生态塘对降雨径流中不同形态氮磷的去除率大小排序为氨氮(NH_4~+-N)颗粒态氮(PN)硝态氮(NO_3~--N),颗粒态磷(PP)溶解态磷(DP),且径流状态下水体垂向分层氮磷浓度分布随降雨进行而变化,总体分布规律为底层氮磷浓度大于表层氮磷浓度;(3)降雨径流结束后,TN在生态塘中的去除率为50.4%,TP在生态塘中的去除率为52.3%,塘2对TN、TP的去除率大于塘1与塘3,生态塘表现了较强的抗冲击自修复性。     

自然降雨条件下紫色土坡地氮素随径流迁移特征

为研究自然降雨条件下紫色土坡地氮素随径流流失的特征,采用野外径流观测法,对一紫色土丘陵区2013年4次典型降雨产流事件进行了监测,测定了径流量及径流中氮素的形态、浓度与通量的变化情况。结果表明:自然降雨条件下,地表径流和壤中流径流量均与降雨量呈显著的正相关性;径流方式对紫色土坡耕地氮素形态在径流中的分配影响显著;地表径流中的氮素以颗粒态氮的形式流失,而壤中流中的氮素以可溶态氮的形式流失;氮素随壤中流淋失是紫色土坡地氮素流失的主要方式。研究结果可为调控长江上游紫色土丘陵区氮素流失提供参考。     

小流域氮流失特征及其影响因素

由非点源流失的氮是造成水体污染的主要因子之一，而土地利用方式往往对氮的流失产生重要影响。本课题在福建省九龙江流域遴选了4个不同土地利用方式的小流域，通过在自然降雨条件下现场采样与室内分析相结合，研究不同土地利用结构的小流域氮的流失特征和影响因素。研究结果表明：总氮、可溶态氮和泥沙结合态氮的浓度通常比径流先达到峰值，然后开始降低；氮的流失以可溶态氮为主(占73%～98.3％)，因此其流失量主要受径流量的影响与雨强关系不大；土地利用方式对氮的流失有明显影响，一般植被覆盖度提高可以降低流失，而农业活动会加剧流失；此外，在高植被覆盖度的天然林地，氮的流失呈现出以泥沙结合态为主。通过本研究可以看出土地利用结构的调整和合理布置是九龙江流域非点源污染控制的重点。     

紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响

通过雨季典型降雨-径流事件中不同施肥方式下土壤磷素流失的野外定位观测,研究紫色土坡地磷素随地表径流和壤中流流失的通量、过程特征及其施肥方式的影响。结果表明,紫色土坡耕地地表径流过程呈多峰的时间变化特点,壤中流呈单峰且其产流时间滞后于地表径流;雨季次降雨平均径流量为23.6～29.1mm,壤中流是雨季的主要径流输出方式。地表径流总磷(TP)平均浓度远高于壤中流,泥沙吸附态磷(PP)是地表磷素流失的主要形态;溶解态有机磷(DOP)是壤中流流失的主要磷素形态。施肥方式显著影响地表径流TP浓度,常规施肥(NPK)、有机肥-化肥配施(OMNPK)、有机肥(OM)、秸秆-化肥配施(RSDNPK)各施肥处理的地表径流TP平均浓度呈依次减小的顺序。次降雨平均磷素流失负荷呈RSDNPKOMNPKOMNPK的规律;壤中流是紫色土坡耕地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道。施肥方式仅能控制地表径流磷素流失,而控制壤中流磷流失的效果不佳,有待更深入的研究。     

紫色土丘陵区小流域非点源氮迁移特征研究

对长江上游紫色土丘陵区盐亭县林山乡典型的集镇小流域和农林复合小流域的非点源氮迁移过程进行了同步监测，比较分析了两不同类型小流域的径流过程及降雨-径流过程中氮素各形态浓度、负荷变化特征。结果表明了集镇小流域和农林复合小流域径流过程与非点源氮迁移过程均存在较大差异：（1）集镇小流域径流过程与降雨过程迅速响应，径流过程呈现“暴涨暴落”的特点。相反，农林复合小流域径流过程显著滞后于降雨过程，呈现出显著的“滞后效应”。（2）集镇小流域总氮（TN）、颗粒态氮（PN）以及铵态氮（NH4+-N）浓度在降雨径流初期迅速升高，而后迅速下降，呈现明显的“单峰”。相反，农林复合小流域在小雨事件中氮素浓度变化较小，但在中雨和暴雨事件过程中，初期径流中氮浓度较低，而中后期逐渐升高。（3）集镇小流域TN、PN、NH4+-N迁移过程体现了显著的“初始冲刷效应”，其中初期25%的径流量平均携带了50%的TN负荷、71%的PN负荷、64%的NH4+-N负荷，而农林复合小流域TN、可溶性氮（DN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）则体现了一定的“末期冲刷”的特点。     

基于改进型DNDC 模型的小流域非点源氮迁移过程模拟与空间拓展应用

以长江上游紫色土区截流堰小流域和大兴小流域为研究对象,应用改进型DNDC（Enhanced Denitrification Decomposition Model）模型对紫色土区小流域径流、泥沙和氮流失过程进行模拟研究。采用截流堰小流域2007-2009年和2010-2011年径流、泥沙及氮迁移监测数据分别进行模型参数率定和验证,检验模型在紫色土区的适用性,然后利用大兴小流域2011年水文、水质监测数据对该模型进行拓展验证,探讨模型在具相似空间结构特征的小流域尺度拓展的可行性。结果显示：率定期和验证期月径流、土壤侵蚀、氮流失Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数大多超过0.80,相对误差均在16.36%以内。拓展验证期,月径流、土壤侵蚀、总氮（TN）和颗粒态氮（PN）的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.70、0.55、0.76和0.71,相对误差分别为6.2%、31.2%、9.5%和30.4%。改进型DNDC模型能较好模拟紫色土区小流域径流、泥沙和氮迁移过程,但尺度拓展过程中泥沙、颗粒态氮的模拟偏差有所增大。     

黑土区降雨和坡度对坡地侵蚀径流和硝态氮流失影响研究

为研究黑土区坡地降雨径流和硝态氮流失情况,采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,探讨不同雨强和坡度对黑土区降雨径流和硝态氮运移过程的影响。结果表明坡面产流时间随雨强和坡度增大而提前。不同雨强和坡度条件下坡面径流中硝态氮浓度从开始迅速变小并逐渐稳定,同等条件下雨强较小时,径流中硝态氮浓度偏高,随着坡度和雨强增大,坡面径流总量和径流泥沙量也都呈增大趋势。     

瓦埠湖沉积物中氮与磷赋存形态分析

利用连续提取法研究了瓦埠湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态和氮的组成特征。结果显示:瓦埠湖沉积物中总磷含量为293～874 mg/kg,平均为470 mg/kg,总磷主要由无机磷组成;在沉积物的提取磷中铁结合态磷为主要赋存形态;铁磷、钙磷、铝磷的相对百分含量指示出该湖泊的磷源自污染较少的区域。瓦埠湖沉积物中总氮的含量为208～464 mg/kg,平均为265 mg/kg,氮的主要组成为有机氮,有机氮、有机指数等显示该湖泊属于清洁类型,未遭受污染。瓦埠湖流域的社会与自然状况的调查结果、湖泊底泥的有机碳氮比等均表明湖泊营养物质来自面源,各指标含量在空间分布的特点与相关性的差异,说明了物质沉积存在重力分离与水动力作用的过程。     

Use of sediment elemental and isotopic compositions to record the eutrophication of a polymictic reservoir in central Texas, USA

Paleolimnological studies are rarely performed on reservoirs because of concern that sediments might not accurately chronicle reservoir history. Eutrophication indicators might behave differently in polymictic reservoirs and stratified natural lakes because of system and/or mixing regime differences. Particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, carbon:nitrogen (C:N) and nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios, and carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) stable isotopes from a sediment core were measured to demonstrate that sufficient information can be derived from sediments to permit a historical reconstruction. The scattered POC data were likely biased by seasonal/annual variability in allochthonous organic matter (OM) loading. The upwardly increasing PON in the sediment core supported historic primary productivity (PP) data, suggesting PON could be a better PP indicator than POC. The upwardly increasing TP documented historic P enrichment. The upwardly decreasing C:N ratio identified an OM source shift from allochthonous to increasingly autochthonous sources with reservoir age. The upwardly increasing N:P ratio implied that N‐fixation rates have increased with reservoir age, to compensate for increasing N limitation as the P loading increased. The δ¹³C decreased as the PP increased with reservoir age producing an atypical relationship compared to stratified natural lakes. The OM source shifts likely biased the δ¹³C–PP relationship, and might weaken δ¹³C‐inferred PP reconstructions in similar reservoirs. The δ¹⁵N increased with reservoir age, likely resulting from dissolved inorganic N (DIN) source changes, rather than nitrate utilization. Watershed urban growth and dairy operation intensification potentially contributed greater loads of isotopically heavy DIN. This study demonstrated that paleolimnology has great potential to assist eutrophication assessment and management efforts in reservoirs.     

雨水花园对不同赋存形态氮磷的去除效果及土壤中优先流的影响

雨水花园作为一种生物滞留系统,能够有效降低城市化进程对城市水文和水质带来的负面影响,但其效果与雨水径流中污染物的赋存形态以及花园内部的水力特性等因素有关。通过一项在黄土地区开展的雨水花园对路面雨水径流水文过程及污染物降解的试验研究,分析了雨水花园对不同赋存形态氮磷污染物的去除效果;同时根据雨水花园入流和出流的水文过程监测数据,分析了土壤优先流的存在及其对污染物去除效果的影响。结果显示,雨水花园入流中颗粒态磷和溶解态磷的浓度比例约为4∶1,颗粒态氮和溶解态氮的浓度比例接近1∶1;颗粒态总磷的浓度去除率和负荷去除率分别为40.1%和69.9%,颗粒态总氮的浓度去除率和负荷去除率分别为44.8%和73.8%;系统对于溶解态的氮、磷几乎没有去除能力。雨水花园土壤中存在的优先流现象导致出流速度较快,雨水径流在花园内的水力停留时间较短,结果表明:系统能够拦截颗粒态污染物,但对溶解态污染物去除效果较差;雨水花园对入流中总磷和总氮的浓度去除率很低,平均值仅为6.3%和-2.7%,但因截留了很大比例的入流(平均为51.5%),其对氮、磷污染物总负荷的削减分别达到52.5%和51.5%。所以,利用城市雨水花园来滞留雨水径流,净化雨水水质在研究区具有良好的应用前景。     

红枫湖水库底质污染物富集现状分析

通过测定红枫湖水库底质样品中有机碳、总氮、总磷、氨态氮、有机氮和亚铁的含量,对红枫湖水库底质与湖泊富营养化的关系进行了评价分析。结果表明:有机质质量比平均值为38.43 g/kg,含量丰富;总磷质量分数平均值为0.140%,含量高且在湖中各点差异明显;湖泊底质氮质量分数为0.574%,总体偏高;总有机碳和总氮的相关系数r1=0.219(p0.05),相关性不显著,有机碳与总磷的相关系数r2=0.809(p0.01),具有显著相关性;底质有机指数较高;底质中碳氮比值表明其中的有机质主要来源于藻类等浮游生物,总氮和总磷主要来源于外源污染物的排入。     

水土保持措施防治面源污染效益研究——以河南省淅川县坡地柑橘种植为例

为保护丹江口水库水质,探索河南丹库汇水流域特色作物生态种植与氮磷污染负荷削减技术,在河南省淅川县建立坡地柑橘试验小区,采取室外人工模拟降雨,对微地形改造和植物篱的试验小区开展试验观测。结果表明,与对照小区对比,种植柑橘具有一定的水土保持效果,采取树盘等微地形改造措施能显著减少泥沙流失,而采取植物篱措施则可同时大幅度减少泥沙、全氮及全磷流失。为该类地区调整土地利用结构、扩大柑橘种植面积提供科学依据。     

赣南红壤坡面不同措施径流泥沙及氮磷污染输出试验研究

选择赣南于都县左马小流域的典型红壤坡面,通过在研究区布设标准径流小区,进行了不同措施径流泥沙及氮磷污染输出的试验研究。通过径流小区的试验观测分析表明:水保林+水平竹节沟式综合水保措施实施初期,平均减流和减沙效果达到近73%,以植被增加地表覆盖度,以水平竹节沟坡面水保工程截短坡长,分段拦蓄径流泥沙,可实现保水保土目的;经果林+坡面工程或绿篱是坡地经济果业开发保持水土的重要措施,工程措施在初期发挥作用较绿篱更大;氮磷等面源污染随水土流失从坡面输出,试验区不同措施氮素输出多以径流携带为主,磷素输出均以泥沙携带为主;经果林+工程措施对径流携带氮磷拦截率较高,水保林+工程措施对泥沙携带氮磷的拦截率较高,都在75%以上。     

Dynamics of the relative nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in a reservoir situated in a semi-arid zone (Sahela,Morocco)

Fluctuations in total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and in the N/P ratio (i.e. in terms of mass) were measured at the entry and exit of the Sahela Reservoir (Morocco) throughout an annual cycle. Particulate N and P concentrations in sedimenting particles in the reservoir itself were also measured. The results obtained showed that the spring floods were a major source of N and P inputs, this being especially pronounced for phosphorus that was present mainly in particulate form. In all the compartments of the reservoir analysed, the N/P ratios were high (means between 81 and 314), especially in summer (the only season when the reservoir was emptied) when the supply of P was apparently limited by the drought. However, the values of this ratio in the sedimenting particles remained lower (mean = 21), at levels characteristic of natural communities. This implies that the reservoir's biological communities preferentially store phosphorus, no doubt to maximise their activity in an environment where a large proportion of this element is not bioavailable. Furthermore, it appeared that the quantity of particulate N and P sequestrated by the sediments and the total quantities of N and P leaving the reservoir were greater than the inputs of these nutrients, underlining the importance of lateral and internal nutrient supplies. One spot measurement, made in a single month, showed that nutrient release activity from the sediments was in fact quite considerable.     

Relationship between nutrient pollutants and suspended sediments in upper reaches of Yangtze River

In order to study the relationship between nutrient pollutants and suspended sediments(SS) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and two tributaries, water samples were collected from September 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011 at the Zhutuo, Cuntang, Beibei, Wulong, Qingxichang,Wanxian, and Fengjie cross-sections. In the laboratory, the SS concentration and the concentration of SS whose particle size was smaller than0.02 mm were measured. The phosphorus(P), nitrogen(N), and permanganate index(CODMn) concentrations in the natural water sample, the settled water sample, and two types of filtered water samples obtained through filter membranes with pore sizes of 0.02 mm and 0.45 mm were monitored synchronously. The results show that there are strong relationships between the P and CODMnconcentrations and the SS concentration. P mainly exists in particulate form, while N mainly exists in dissolved form. SS whose particle size is smaller than 0.02 mm accounts for a high proportion of sediments in the Yangtze River and has a strong effect on water quality. At the seven cross-sections, the amounts of P, N, and CODMnin particulate form in the wet season are higher than in the dry season and the adsorption amounts of P, N, and CODMnper unit mass of sediment are higher in the dry season than in the wet season.     

Additions of Nutrients and Major Ions by the Atmosphere and Tributaries to Nearshore Waters of Northwestern Lake Huron

Nutrient additions by the atmosphere and six tributaries to nearshore waters of northwestern Lake Huron were measured at weekly intervals from August 1975 to July 1976. The atmosphere contributed 43% of the nitrogen (N) and 10% of the phosphorus (P) that was added during the year. The 1975–76 atmospheric loading rate of total N to this area (11 kg/ha/yr) was one of the highest found to date in the United States. N was conserved more efficiently than P in the tributary drainage basins. Of the N and P that fell annually on the watersheds under study, 2 to 37% of the N and 31 to 84% of the P was carried with runoff to the lake. From a basin where ditching and clear-cutting occurred, water, P, silica (SiO₂), N, and sodium were lost at higher rates than from five other basins. Most of the N in bulk atmospheric samples (23%) and tributary waters (56%) was dissolved organic N, a form of N not often measured.     

三峡水库蓄水后氮、磷营养盐的特征分析

根据2004年4月调查结果,对三峡库区二期蓄水后的氮、磷营养盐浓度及分布进行研究。结果表明,二期蓄水后水体总磷、总氮的质量浓度平均为0.083 mg/L、1.56 mg/L,其中总溶解性磷比例介于32%~82%,总溶解性氮为72%~95%。总磷浓度受蓄水的影响较大,坝前区总磷浓度在蓄水后显著降低,ρ(N)/ρ(P)值提高。由于氮、磷营养盐浓度偏高,库区水体在二期蓄水后呈现富营养化趋势。营养盐浓度对不同类型水体富营养化的影响程度存在差异,蓄水后长江干流为贫营养和中营养状态,而部分支流回水段已达到了富营养化程度,存在潜在的水华爆发现象。