退火处理提高气雾化过共晶Al-Si合金粉末的变形能力（英文）

气雾化纯金属或合金粉末是粉末冶金方法(压制和烧结)制备高性能材料的常用原料。然而,由于细小的Si相和过饱和基体导致强度较高,气雾化Al-Si合金粉末的压制性能受到很大限制。研究退火处理对提高Al-Si合金粉末压制性能的作用。采用Heckel压制方程研究退火粉末的致密化行为并分析其变形能力。通过分析压坯的显微组织和抗弯断口,研究压制过程中粉末颗粒的变形行为。结果表明,粉末经过400°C退火获得96.1%的最高相对密度。由于Al基体软化、过饱和Si相析出、针状共晶相溶解以及Si相球化,退火处理可以明显提高Al-Si粉末的变形能力。     

装粉方式对钛粉压制成形影响的数值模拟

用MSC.Marc软件模拟了3种不同装粉方式下钛粉压制成形过程中粉末的流动情况及压坯的密度分布规律.结果表明:粉末装粉方式对粉末压制过程及压坯密度有较大的影响,与平式装粉方式相比,采用凸式装粉,试样的烧结坯密度提高了6%,孔隙分布的均匀性也得到相应的改善.     

Mg含量对Al-Cu-Mg合金烧结行为和力学性能的影响(英文)

采用粉末冶金方法制备Al-3Cu-Mg合金,将各合金元素的空气雾化粉末与不同含量的Mg混合,通过控制压制压力分别得到弹性变形、局部塑性变形和塑性变形的粉末样品。确定不同成分合金的烧结温度,使烧结过程中Cu的液相烧结起主导作用。采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对合金的烧结行为和断口特征进行了分析。烧结后合金的横向断裂强度随Mg含量的增加而减小,Al-3Cu-0.5Mg合金具有适中的横向断裂强度和较高的比强度。     

粉末粒径对高速压制Ti-6Al-4V合金性能的影响(英文)

采用高速压制(HVC)技术成形平均粒径分别为103、66和44μm的3种Ti6Al4V合金粉末,然后将合金粉末进行真空烧结,考察粉末粒径对成形效果和烧结体性能的影响。结果表明,细粉末比粗粉末更难压制,获得的压坯密度也更低。但是细粉末压坯的烧结密度明显高于粗粉末压坯的烧结密度。与粒径为103和66μm的粉末相比,粒径为44μm的粉末的压坯密度最低,在冲击能量为913J时其相对密度为85.1%。然而在1300°C烧结2.5h后,粒径为44μm的粉末压坯的烧结密度最高,其相对密度达到98.2%。而且,粒径为44μm的烧结试样具有最高的硬度和压缩强度,分别为HV354和1265MPa。     

不同粒径Ti粉的高速压制行为和烧结性能

以平均粒径为150,75,48和38μm的4种Ti粉为原料(依次定义为A,B,C和D粉末),采用高速压制技术进行成形,考察粉末粒径对压坯密度、最大压制力和脱模力的影响,进一步研究粉末的高速压制特性和压坯的烧结性能.结果表明,高速压制的压坯密度与粉末粒径和松装密度有关.冲击能量较小时,压坯密度主要取决于松装密度,而冲击能量较高时,则主要取决于粉末粒径.在冲击能量≤761 J下成形时,具有最大松装密度的B粉末所获得的压坯密度最高;进一步增大冲击能量,平均粒径最大的A粉末所获得的压坯密度最高.粉末粒径对压坯密度和最大压制力具有相似的影响,并且4种粉末的最大压制力和压坯密度之间的关系均符合黄培云压制方程;但粉末粒径对脱模力无明显影响.试样的烧结密度随粒径的细化而增加,同时伴随着不同程度的晶粒长大.4种压坯经1250℃真空烧结后,最终均获得了近全致密的试样.     

干球磨处理返回料生产硬质合金的工艺研究

本文以硬质合金返回料(废压坯破碎后的产物)为原料,采用干球磨工艺对返回料进行处理,研究了干球磨参数对粉末料(干球磨处理返回料的最终产物)的压制压力和粉末料合金的微观组织结构、物理力学性能的影响,并探索采用干球磨工艺处理返回料时,合金钴磁调控的工艺。研究结果表明:干球磨能降低粉末料的压制压力,随着干球磨时间的增加,粉末料的压制压力逐渐降低,干球磨10 h,压制压力约为25.0 kN,相对于干球磨1 h的压制压力,下降21.1%,相对于喷雾料的压制压力,下降28.6%;干球磨处理的主要目的是对返回料中的团粒进行充分破碎,宜采用高球料质量比和较短的干球磨时间,采用球料质量比12∶1,干球磨时间2 h,粉末料合金的微观组织结构和物理力学性能可与原生喷雾料合金的微观组织结构和物理力学性能相近;干球磨处理返回料时,可以采用补C操作,实现对合金Com的调控,合金的钴磁与补C量符合"合金碳量变化0.01%,钴磁相应变化0.1%"的规律。     

爆炸压涂钨铜覆层到铜表面的研究

采用爆炸烧结将钨铜合金覆层烧结到纯铜表面的方法,即将钨铜合金粉末预压到铜板的表面后,进行通氢烧结,然后通过爆炸压实将混合粉末进一步压实在铜板表面,最后扩散烧结成为钨铜复合材料。先采用AUTODYN软件模拟了爆炸压实过程中粉末与铜板中的压力分布,确定了一套可以使覆层粉末中压力分布均匀,有利于钨铜合金粉末均匀致密化的参数。而后进行爆炸压实试验,制出的试样覆层密度达到了理论密度的99.3%。对爆炸后的试件进行电子探针检测,检测结果表明钨铜粉混合均匀,钨颗粒的尺寸比铜颗粒要大的多。断口分析结果显示,钨铜覆层的断口形貌不同于传统的断口形貌。钨铜结合面的形貌分析表明,钨铜合金密实的烧结在了铜基体的表面。     

Preparation and Properties of W-15Cu Composite by Electroless Plating and Powder Metallurgy

用化学镀和粉末冶金的方法制备出W-15Cu复合材料。首先用化学方法对W粉表面预处理,然后在其表面化学镀铜。得到的复合粉末用图谱进行表征。发现用化学镀的方法制备出的W-15Cu复合粉末纯度非常高,且W颗粒均匀、被Cu致密的包覆着。呈现出包状结构。这种复合粉末表现出优异的压制性能,压坯分别在300, 400, 500, 600 MPa的压制压力下成形。压坯在1250 ℃温度下保温90 min烧结后,从其断口形貌可以发现W颗粒没有明显的长大,且W颗粒表面特征并没有发生改变,仍然表现出预处理后的表面特征。对烧结体的相对密度、硬度、抗弯强度和电导率同样进行了表征     

W-(Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B)混合粉末中间层真空扩散钎焊连接钨与钢

以高能球磨态90W-10(Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B)(质量分数,%)混合粉末为钎料中间层,分别采用1000、1050和1100℃,均保温60 min并加压5 MPa的工艺参数,对纯钨(W)和0Cr13Al钢进行真空扩散钎焊连接。利用激光粒度分析仪、SEM、EDS和电子万能试验机等研究混合粉末形态、接头的微观组织、成分、力学性能及断口特征。结果表明:接头中的混合粉末中间层通过液相烧结过程,实现钨与钢的扩散钎焊连接,并在接头中生成均匀致密的钨基高密度合金层。高能球磨制备混合粉末对钨基高密度合金层压力下的均匀化与致密化生成具有关键作用。连接温度越高,钨基高密度合金层的液相烧结组织特征越明显。钨/钢接头剪切强度在125~130 MPa之间,断裂均发生在钨基高密度合金层/钨母材的结合区,断口主要呈现为钨母材的脆性沿晶断裂和钨基高密度合金层粘结相与钨颗粒相的韧性脱离断裂。     

化学镀和粉末冶金法制备W-15Cu复合材料及性能研究（英文）

用化学镀和粉末冶金的方法制备出W-15Cu复合材料。首先用化学方法对W粉表面预处理,然后在其表面化学镀铜。得到的复合粉末用图谱进行表征。发现用化学镀的方法制备出的W-15Cu复合粉末纯度非常高,且W颗粒均匀、被Cu致密的包覆着。呈现出包状结构。这种复合粉末表现出优异的压制性能,压坯分别在300,400,500,600 MPa的压制压力下成形。压坯在1250℃温度下保温90min烧结后,从其断口形貌可以发现W颗粒没有明显的长大,且W颗粒表面特征并没有发生改变,仍然表现出预处理后的表面特征。对烧结体的相对密度、硬度、抗弯强度和电导率同样进行了表征。     

Synthesis of Cr-doped APT in the evaporation and crystallization process and its effect on properties of WC-Co cemented carbide alloy

WC grain size has significant effect on WC-Co cemented carbide alloy properties. In order to inhibit WC grain growth during sintering process, grain growth-inhibitor Cr₃C₂ is usually added to tungsten carbide powder in advance through mechanical milling. While, homogeneous distribution of Cr₃C₂ in the tungsten carbide powder is difficult to achieve and result in abnormal growth of WC grains. For this purpose of growth-inhibitor uniform distribution, (CH₃COO)₃Cr is added into ammonium tungstate solution during evaporation and crystallization process to prepare Cr-doped APT powder, which can be used as precursor for ultrafine-grained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy preparation. Compared with conventional APT powder, the Cr-doped APT has smaller particle size and bulk density, moreover, chromium is evenly distributed within it. The Cr-doped APT is then used to produce Cr-doped tungsten powder, which also has smaller particle size than that of conventional tungsten powder. Cr-doped tungsten powder is subsequently prepared into tungsten carbide powder and WC-Co cemented carbide alloy through carbonization and sintering process, respectively. Compared with conventional WC-Co cemented carbide alloy, the obtained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy has smaller mean WC grain size (0.36 μm), and more uniform microstructure. Furthermore, the phenomenon of WC grain abnormal growth during sintering process is not observed, because the grain growth-inhibitor Cr₃C₂ is well dispersed in tungsten carbide and cobalt composite powder. Results show that the obtained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy presents better mechanical properties (HRA, bending strength, coercive force) than those of conventional WC-Co cemented carbide alloy. Accordingly, the novel addition of (CH₃COO)₃Cr during the evaporation and crystallization process is the key factor of ultrafine-grained WC-Co cemented carbide alloy production.     

碳化钨和碳化钒在固相钴中的固溶研究

分别以BET粒度为0.15μm和0.23μm的碳化钨粉末与钴湿磨压制制备成WC-90%Co试样条,分别以Fsss粒度为1.0μm和1.5μm的碳化钒粉末与钴湿磨压制制备成VC-95%Co试样条。将以上四种试样条分别于1 100、1 150、1 200℃进行真空烧结,将烧结后的试样条研磨抛光后采用X衍射仪和扫描电镜研究碳化钨和碳化钒在固相钴中的固溶情况。研究结果表明:两种粒度的WC均于1 150℃逐渐溶解到Co中形成γ-固溶体,其固溶度随温度升高而增大,1 200℃固溶完全;两种粒度的VC粉末于1 100℃逐渐溶解到Co中形成γ-固溶体,1 150℃固溶完全。     

机械合金化对Cr-W粉末及烧结材料组织的影响

通过机械球磨法制备原子比为4:1的Cr-W预合金粉末,对球磨后的Cr-W粉末进行XRD、SEM、TEM分析,探讨球磨时间对Cr-W粉末形貌、晶粒大小、组织结构及烧结Cr-W合金固溶度的影响。结果表明：采用机械合金化法,可以制备纳米级的Cr-W预合金粉末;球磨初期,晶粒尺寸、微应变变化较大,48 h后趋于稳定获得小于30 nm的纳米晶粉末;经72 h球磨后,粉末中有固溶体形成;球磨过程伴随着晶格常数的变化;球磨时间越长的粉末,烧结后各相分布越均匀,固溶程度越高     

Mechanical alloying of ODS tungsten heavy alloys and microstructure development of intermetallic compounds

Oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten heavy alloys have been used in a wide variety of industrial and military applications due to their high density, strength and stiffness. These alloys have been produced by mechanical alloying, which can provide uniform distribution of nano-oxide particles and an extremely fine grain structure, resulting in the reduction of the sintering temperature. However, the high-energy ball-milling process could introduce iron contamination from the vial and milling media during the procedure. In this study, the W-Ni-Y₂O₃ alloy was investigated as a function of milling time. The results show that the increase of the Fe/Ni ratio has a significant influence on the microstructural development and material properties. The XRD data reveal considerable solid solubility extension in these powders. The tungsten carbide and iron rich intermetallic compounds were formed after long milling times, which can change the relative density and hardness of the alloy. It is essential that we understand the role of intermetallic phases in the ODS tungsten heavy alloy which determine the material properties and the control of microstructural development.     

Particle properties of submicron-sized WC–12Co processed by planetary ball milling

In this study, a conventional nano-grained tungsten carbide (WC) powder was mixed with 12 wt.% of a submicron cobalt (Co) powder in a ball mill for varying milling time periods, producing a homogeneous powder mixture which can be used to sinter near-nanocrystalline cemented carbides using short-duration sintering processes. Parameters of the wet milling process were adapted in order to maximise the mixing effect on the one hand, and to avoid particle growth during the milling process on the other. Surface analysis and microscopic examination of the milled powders showed a milling-time-dependent evolution of particle size and surface roughness. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation indicated a decrease of the crystallite size of WC in combination with an increase in defect density, as well as a strong increase in stacking faults in the Co. The main action of the milling mechanism is the fracturing of the WC particles. Co is distributed consistently around the WC particles. The preparation method used is a useful technique to prepare homogeneous powder mixtures of WC–Co with particle sizes below 200 nm on a laboratory scale.     

Ce在混合稀土掺杂的硬质合金烧结体表面富集现象的热力学分析

采用混合稀土(以La和Ce为主体成分)-Co预合金粉形式在硬质合金湿磨时直接加入制备了含稀土的低碳硬质合金。用扫描电镜与能谱仪对合金的烧结体表面进行了观察与分析。结果表明,在真空烧结过程中,合金中的稀土La、Ce发生分离,Ce向合金表面迁移,并在合金烧结体表面产生了明显的富集,形成含氧的稀土第三相。本文从热力学方面对这一现象进行了解释。     

Tungsten carbide platelet-containing cemented carbide with yttrium containing dispersed phase

A fine and platelet tungsten carbide patterned structure with fine yttrium containing dispersed phase was observed in liquid phase sintered WC-20% Co-1%Y2O3 cemented carbide with ultrafine tungsten carbide and nano yttrium oxide as starting materials. By comparing the microstructures of the alloy prepared by hot-press at the temperature below the eutectic melting temperature and by conventional liquid phase sintering, it is shown that hexagonal and truncated trigonal plate-like WC grains are formed through the mechanism of dissolution-precipitation （recrystallization） at the stage of liquid phase sintering. Yttrium in the addition form of oxide exhibits good ability in inhibiting the discontinuous or inhomogeneous WC grain growth in the alloy at the stage of solid phase sintering.     

Al2O3/Cu复合材料的内氧化制备及性能研究

采用高能球磨制备出亚稳态的Cu-1%Al（质量分数）合金粉,再将Cu2O粉与其一起进行高能球磨,然后将复合粉末压坯在N2保护炉中同时进行氧化和烧结,制备出Al2O3/Cu复合材料。分析了分别采用湿法球磨和干法球磨时的合金化效果,讨论了模压压力对材料性能的影响。结果表明,对于Cu-Al混合粉来说,采用湿法球磨容易产生分层,采用干法球磨具有良好的合金化效果;在本试验条件下,750MPa为最佳的模压压力,但烧结后材料的电导率还是偏低,因此有必要进行后续的处理来进一步提高材料的性能。     

氢气脱蜡工艺与原料WC碳量的选择

将不同碳含量碳化钨配制的钴含量为11%左右的硬质合金石蜡混合料压制成压坯,将压坯置于一体化ZKL-16氢气脱蜡真空烧结炉和真空脱蜡真空烧结炉中,采用氢气、氮气、真空三种脱蜡方式分别进行脱蜡后真空烧结,烧结后的合金进行检测分析,比较发现采用氢气脱蜡真空烧结工艺可采用饱和碳化钨。在氢气脱蜡工艺下,研究了各工艺参数对脱蜡效果的影响,以确定氢气脱蜡条件下矿用硬质合金原料WC碳量的选择。结果表明,采用饱和碳含量6.13%的WC作为原料,经氢气脱蜡真空烧结,可生产出合格的硬质合金。     

Preparation of nanocomposite thoriated tungsten cathode by swaging technique

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