离子交换温度对化学钢化玻璃结构和性能的影响

离子交换法制备钠铝硅系化学钢化玻璃,分析测试玻璃表面K+和Na+的分布情况、玻璃的表面应力及应力层深度、弯曲强度、Weibull模量和显微硬度,研究离子交换温度对化学钢化玻璃在结构和性能上的影响.结果表明:经过离子交换后,玻璃的表面应力、弯曲强度、Weibull模量和显微硬度均显著提高.提高离子交换温度,玻璃表面应力、弯曲强度和显微硬度逐渐下降,应力层深度逐渐加厚.温度350℃时,玻璃表面离子交换层具有全K+层、K+-Na+层和富K+层三层结构.温度升高,全K+层消失和富K+层,K+-Na+层加厚并出现贫Na+层.温度410℃时玻璃的强度分散性最小,可靠性最高.     

熔盐添加剂对玻璃离子交换和增强的影响

在工业纯KNO3中分别添加KOH,K3PO4,K2CO3,K2SiO3与Al2O3的混合物,研究了熔盐添加剂对浮法玻璃离子交换和增强的影响.用电子探针测试了玻璃表而的K+浓度;测定了样品的表面应力、弯曲强度和显微硬度.结果表明:上述添加剂町以增加离了交换层深度,缩短离子交换时间,明显提高玻璃的力学性能,其增强效果与分析纯KNO3的增强效果相当,甚至比后者好:在交换温度为450℃下,玻璃交换层厚度大于29μm,玻璃的力学性能为:表面应力>480MPa,弯曲强度>400MPa.显微硬度为6.49GPa.     

超薄铝硅玻璃离子交换工艺研究

高强度超薄盖板玻璃是电子信息产品的重要组成部分,化学强化(离子交换)是提升超薄盖板玻璃力学性能的主要技术途径。在离子交换过程中,玻璃易产生应力弛豫等现象,导致化学强化玻璃难以具备较高的表面压应力、较大的应力层深度与较高的维氏硬度。本文采用两步法离子交换工艺,研究了熔盐、离子交换温度与时间等因素对强化后超薄铝硅玻璃应力层分布及维氏硬度等性能的影响。结果表明,本文所研发的两步法离子交换工艺,可以使玻璃兼具较高的表面压应力、较大的应力层深度与较高的表面维氏硬度。离子交换后,铝硅玻璃的表面压应力可达900 MPa以上,应力层深度可达70 μm以上,同时表面维氏硬度达7.2 GPa以上。     

氧化锆对锂铝硅酸盐玻璃化学强化性能的影响

采用熔融淬冷法制备了含不同摩尔分数Zr O₂的锂铝硅酸盐玻璃,通过两步化学强化法对玻璃样片进行了化学强化,研究了Zr O₂对玻璃的稳定性、硬度和化学强化效果的影响。结果表明:随着Zr O₂的摩尔分数从0增加至5%,玻璃化转变温度随之升高,玻璃稳定无析晶现象。引入适量的Zr O₂会促进Li⁺-Na⁺离子交换,提高应力层深度,表面压应力随着Zr O₂浓度的增加而增加,并在摩尔分数为4%时达到最大值,为1 055.6 MPa。中心张应力随着Zr O₂浓度的增加先增加后缓慢减小,表明该系列样品具有较好的抗冲击能力。Zr O₂的浓度变化对强化后玻璃的硬度影响较小,在引入Zr O₂后其抗裂性有所降低,但仍具有较好的抗裂能力。     

热处理对离子交换高碱铝硅酸盐玻璃性能的影响

将离子交换高碱铝硅酸盐玻璃在340~460℃热处理1 h,研究热处理对离子交换玻璃性能的影响。测试了热处理后玻璃的表面应力、应力层深度、强度和硬度。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,玻璃的表面应力及强度明显下降,应力层深度有所增加,而硬度略微下降。     

柔性玻璃的化学强化及其力学性能研究

具有高弯曲强度的柔性玻璃是柔性电子显示的重要组成部分,但柔性玻璃本质是脆性材料,因此其力学性能仍然不能满足使用要求。化学强化是提高柔性玻璃弯曲半径、抗划伤性等力学性能的有效途径,本文采用一步化学强化法,将90μm超薄高铝柔性玻璃在纯硝酸钾熔盐中进行强化,研究离子交换工艺对样品表面应力、维氏硬度及弯曲半径的影响规律。结果表明：在380℃进行1 h的离子交换后,样品的表面压应力达834.1 MPa,应力层深度为15.91μm,此时玻璃具有最佳的弯曲性能和耐划伤性;经化学强化后,90μm柔性玻璃的最小弯曲半径可由(29.8±0.73) mm降低至(6.94±0.99) mm;随着继续升高交换温度和延长时间,柔性玻璃的力学性能会有所降低。     

锂铝硅酸盐玻璃的化学强化工艺参数研究

锂铝硅酸盐玻璃通过二步化学强化工艺实现高表面压应力和高离子交换层深度。本文采用二步化学强化法研究工艺参数对锂铝硅酸盐玻璃强化性能的影响。试验表明,锂铝硅酸盐玻璃的强化应力指标主要由第一步强化时间(IOX1TIME)、第二步强化温度(IOX2TEMP)和第二步强化时间(IOX2TIME)决定;IOX1TIME对IOX1强化应力指标影响较大,但对IOX2强化应力指标影响较小;锂铝硅酸盐玻璃的抗冲击强度在IOX1TIME高于120min时较佳。     

P2O5含量对铝硅酸盐玻璃离子交换性能的影响

通过对玻璃进行了离子交换实验,研究P2O5含量变化对铝硅酸盐玻璃离子交换性能的影响.利用显微硬度仪、表面应力仪、微区X射线荧光光谱仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜线扫分别表征了离子交换玻璃的硬度、表面应力、元素含量变化和离子交换深度等性能.结果表明:离子交换后玻璃表面的K+含量明显增加,Na+含量降低,玻璃表面发生了明显的离子交换.此外,随着P2O5含量的增加,离子交换后的玻璃的硬度、表面应力和离子交换层深度逐渐增加.实验结果证明P2O5的引入能有效促进铝硅酸盐玻璃离子交换.     

熔盐K2CO3含量对超薄玻璃化学钢化性能的影响研究

采用一步离子交换法制备离子交换钢化玻璃.研究熔盐K2CO3含量对钢化玻璃的性能影响.离子交换时间设定在20 h,离子交换温度设定为380℃,熔盐的K2CO3含量分别设定为0％、1％、2％、3％、4％.离子交换工艺完成后,对化学钢化玻璃进行电子探针测试,表面应力测试,抗折强度测试,显微硬度测试,以分析熔盐K2 CO3含量的改变对化学钢化玻璃所产生的影响.数据结果显示:熔盐的K2CO3含量的变化会对化学钢化玻璃的机械性能产生较大影响.在离子交换过程中K+的扩散系数随着K2CO3含量的增大先增大后减小,Na+的扩散系数随着K2 CO3含量的增大逐渐增大.应力层深度DOL在K2CO3含量为1％时有最大应力深度;表面应力CS在K2CO3含量为3％时有最大值.抗折强度随着K2CO3含量的增大先升高后下降,最大值在K2CO3含量为2％处;显微硬度呈现先升高后下降的趋势,最大值在K2CO3含量为3％处.将交换熔盐的K2CO3含量控制在2％至3％之间能够得到最佳的综合力学性能.     

浮法超薄玻璃化学钢化及性能研究

本文研究高铝超薄浮法玻璃与浮法钠钙硅玻璃的化学钢化过程.用全自动化学钢化玻璃表面应力测试仪、万能试验机和数显显微维氏硬度计分别测试了样品的表面应力、应力层深度、抗折强度和显微硬度.结果表明:在一定的温度下,随着离子交换时间的增加,高铝超薄玻璃与浮法钠钙硅玻璃的表面应力、抗折强度、显微硬度均出现先增加再到减小的趋势,应力层深度则随着时间的增加而加深.在同样的离子交换制度下,高铝玻璃化学钢化后的力学性能优于钠钙硅玻璃.同时,以浮法工艺生产的玻璃锡面的表面应力小于非锡面的应力,应力层深度也相对小于非锡面的深度.     

Chemical Strengthening of Glass-Ceramics in the System Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2

Fine-grained glass-ceramics containing a large proportion of β-spodumene solid-solution crystals were strengthened by immersion in molten sodium and potassium salt baths. An ion-exchange reaction placed sodium or potassium ions in lithium ion sites in the β-spodumene structure. The resultant "crowding" of the structure produced a surface compressive layer. In this system, strengths (modulus of rupture on abraded specimens) in excess of 100,000 psi were realized. In a similar manner, stuffed β-quartz solid-solution glass-ceramics derived from the crystallization of Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glasses containing an appropriate amount of nucleating agent were strengthened by K⁺-for-Li⁺ exchange. Stable β-quartz solid-solution glass-ceramics were strengthened by Na⁺-for-Li⁺ exchange, but no significant increase in strength was obtained in the metastable β-quartz materials.     

Development of Surface Compressive Stresses in Zirconia–Alumina Composites by an Ion-Exchange Process

A two-step ion-exchange technique was developed for introducing compressive stresses on the surface of ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ composites. In the first step, a thin layer (∼250 μm) of Na-β"-Al₂O₃ was formed on the surface of the composite by a vapor-phase process at ∼1400°C. In the second step, Na⁺ ions were replaced by K⁺ ions by a heat treatment at ∼385°C for 2 h in a molten KNO₃ bath. Replacement of sodium by potassium led to the creation of surface compressive stresses. The flexural strength and Weibull modulus of ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ composite were ∼915 MPa and 10, respectively, for the as-sintered samples. By contrast, the flexural strength and Weibull modulus were ∼1140 MPa and 26, respectively, for the ion-exchanged samples. A residual surface compressive stress of ∼480 MPa was measured by a strain-gauge technique in K⁺-ion-exchanged samples. The presence of surface compressive stresses also was confirmed using an indentation technique. The technique developed here can be used to introduce compressive stresses on components of virtually any shape.     

Effect of potassium and silver ion-exchange on the strengthening effect and properties of aluminosilicate glass

In this work, the aluminosilicate glass was subjected to ion-exchange using the KNO₃-AgCl mixed molten salt in order to strengthen the glass while imparting antimicrobial properties. The concentration distribution of K⁺ ions and Ag⁺ ions of the ion-exchanged glasses was characterized by EDS, the effects of ion-exchange temperature (460-500 °C), ion-exchange time (0.5-3 h) and AgCl concentration (0–2.5 wt%) in the mixed molten salt on the strengthening effect and properties of the glass were investigated. The results showed that Ag⁺-Na⁺ ion-exchange, K⁺-Na⁺ ion-exchange existed simultaneously, and Ag⁺-Na⁺ ion-exchange occurred preferentially. Due to the presence of metallic silver, the appearance of the Ag⁺ ion-exchanged glass was light yellow and its transmittance showed a decrease. The surface compressive stress trended up and then down with increasing temperature and time because of the stress relaxation effect. The Vickers hardness of ion-exchanged glass increased by 15%, and the densities and chemical stability were also increased. Ions leaching experiments showed that the Ag⁺ ions release concentration of silver-loaded glass in aqueous environment can reach the bactericidal level. It has been shown that ion-exchange of glass in KNO₃-AgCl mixed molten salts allowed the glass to be strengthened and incorporated with antimicrobial active ions, its chemical stability was improved, too.     

Copper-Alkali Ion Exchange of Alkali Aluminosilicate Glasses in Molten CuCl—An Ion Exchange Controlled by the Cu+→Cu2+ Oxidation Reaction in Glass

The kinetics of copper-potassium ion exchange of potassium aluminosilicate glass have been investigated in molten CuCl at 550°C in air and nitrogen. The presence of oxygen dissolved in molten CuCl has a great effect on the Cu-K ion-exchange kinetics, i.e. ion exchange in nitrogen is controlled by the interdiffusion process of Cu⁺ and K⁺ in the glass, whereas ion exchange in air seems to be controlled by the Cu⁺→Cu²⁺ oxidation reaction.     

玻璃化学强化技术研究进展

化学强化技术亦称离子交换技术,因可在玻璃表面形成压缩压应力层改善玻璃的机械强度而被广泛应用于建筑、交通等领域。化学强化工艺参数的变化直接影响着化学强化后玻璃的性能。本文综述了离子交换反应原理、玻璃组成、化学强化温度、化学强化时间及熔盐组成对化学强化过程的影响,并简要介绍了电场辅助化学强化工艺与无熔盐化学强化工艺的优点与不足。总结国内外化学强化技术的研究进展,提出玻璃现有化学强化技术的不足,为玻璃化学强化技术的科学研究与发展提供参考。     

微波加热水玻璃制备多孔轻质隔热材料

传统的泡沫玻璃是在废玻璃中加入发泡剂以760℃以上发泡制的,此方法不仅耗能大、污染重,而且泡沫玻璃耐热温度过低（T≤450℃）。在不添加任何发泡剂下,微波直接加热水玻璃（Na₂O₃.2SiO₂）发泡制备低密度泡沫保温材料;成型的泡沫材料以强酸H⁺置换Na⁺,泡沫材料的耐温由450℃提高到1000℃;新工艺降低能源消耗,提高了耐热温度。水玻璃添加少量硅酸铝纤维,不仅能改善泡沫保温材料的隔热性能,同时提高材料的力学性能。水玻璃模数为3.2,硅酸铝纤维含量为1.35%时,保温材料的导热系数为0.064Wm^-1K^-1;保温材料的抗压强度最高可达0.64MPa。     

中硼硅管制瓶内表面离子迁移特性研究

本文以中硼硅管制瓶为研究对象,ICP-AES为研究手段,通过改变药液浓度、药液pH值、药液储存时间、玻璃瓶规格来探究玻璃瓶内表面Al³⁺、B³⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、Si⁴⁺的迁移规律,并通过SEM观察玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀情况。结果显示:随储存时间延长,玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度增大,在储存28 d时,K⁺和Na⁺的迁移浓度下降,Al³⁺、B³⁺、Ca²⁺、Si⁴⁺迁移浓度上升,出现脱片现象;玻璃瓶规格越小,离子的迁移浓度越大,玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度越大;药液浓度越低,离子的迁移浓度越小,玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度越小;酸性和碱性药液都会增大玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度,且碱性药液对玻璃瓶内表面侵蚀更大。     

Effects of OH− anion additive concentration in nitrate salt baths on chemical strengthening of Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 (LAS) glass

Two ion-exchange processes of K⁺-Na⁺ and Na⁺-Li⁺ were used to strengthen LAS glass materials, and the effects of OH⁻ anion additive (introduced by hydroxide additive) in molten salt baths were investigated. The K⁺-Na⁺ ion-exchange was superior than Na⁺-Li⁺ ion-exchange in the strength enhancement, and with the hydroxide additive, the thickness of ion-exchange layer, the ion-exchange rate and the flexural strength of LAS glass specimens were enhanced remarkably. In detail, for two ion-exchange processes, the optimized ion-exchange time decreased from 24 h to 2 h and from 6 h to 1 h, and the thickness of ion-exchange layer increased from 16 μm to 22 μm and from 23 μm to 34 μm, respectively. Consequently, the corresponding optimized flexural strength increased from 360 MPa to 520 MPa and from 270 MPa to 460 MPa, attributing to the increased thickness of ion-exchange layer and the increased concentration of alkali ions. It is believed that the broken chemical bonds along with the depolymerized glass network induced by OH⁻ anion decreased the diffusion activation energy E_a and increased the diffusion coefficient D of alkali ions for ion-exchange, and thereby the chemical strengthening process of LAS glass materials was improved.