北京市某办公建筑夏冬季室内外PM_(2.5)浓度变化特征

为了把握雾霾天气大气环境细颗粒物PM2.5浓度变化对室内环境的影响规律,项目组先后于2013年6月~8月(夏季)和2013年12月~2014年2月(冬季)对北京地区一办公建筑室内外细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度及I/O比值变化规律进行了实时监测。实测结果表明:1)在建筑外窗关闭、室内无其他污染源且机械通风系统关闭条件下,夏、冬季室内外PM2.5质量浓度的日变化规律均为夜间高白天低,周变化规律为周一~周五呈逐渐上升趋势;2)冬季各月的室内外PM2.5质量浓度水平均高于夏季各月的,对应的室内外PM2.5质量浓度I/O比值也是冬季高于夏季;3)室外风速和空气相对湿度与室内外PM2.5质量浓度存在明显的负相关,而室外空气温度与室内外PM2.5质量浓度水平的变化相关性不明显。     

北京室内外PM_(2.5)污染状况及过滤器效率调研

以北京地区某临街办公建筑为研究对象,实时监测室内外PM2.5的计重浓度。通过对检测结果的分析得出:室外PM2.5污染较为严重;室内无污染源情况下,室内外PM2.5质量浓度成正相关、室内PM2.5的质量浓度低于室外;室内外质量浓度比(I/O)随气象参数变化波动范围较大。根据监测结果,为了有效解决集中空调系统室内PM2.5的污染问题,本文对现集中空调系统常用的G4+F7以及G4+F9两种不同空气处理机组的过滤器配置方式进行了实验研究。过滤器性能试验表明,G4+F7和G4+F9两种组合均可有效去除PM2.5。     

南京某幼儿园室内外细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度调查及影响因素分析

于2015年4—12月(除7,8月外,每月一周)实测了该幼儿园室内外PM2.5浓度,结果显示:室外PM2.5质量浓度中位值为60.6μg/m~3,室内PM2.5质量浓度中位值为32.5μg/m~3;室内外PM2.5浓度相关系数达0.74,检测期间平均约有52%的室外PM2.5通过建筑围护结构进入室内,室内55%的PM2.5变化由室外颗粒物源导致;实测期间,时均I/O值为0.69,变化范围为0.1~5.46;I/O值受室外PM2.5质量浓度的影响,随室外PM2.5质量浓度升高呈下降趋势,室外PM2.5浓度较高时,I/O值随换气次数减小而减小,室外PM2.5浓度较低时,I/O值随换气次数减小而增大;室外空气湿度与室内外PM2.5浓度正相关,室外风速与室内外PM2.5浓度负相关,而室外温度对室内外PM2.5浓度影响有限,但与I/O值正相关。     

兰州市某办公建筑室内外PM2.5 浓度变化特征及相关性分析

为研究办公建筑室内外细颗粒污染物(PM_(2.5))质量浓度变化特征,于 2019 年 9月～2020 年 7 月对甘肃省兰州市某办公建筑室内外PM_(2.5) 质量浓度、温湿度、风速进行了连续监测。监测结果表明:室内外 PM_(2.5) 质量浓度水平相关性显著,冬季室内外 PM_(2.5)质量浓度水平高于春季和夏季;春、夏季室内外PM_(2.5) 质量浓度日小时均值为白天高于夜间,冬季为夜间高于白天。无关季节,室内 PM_(2.5) 质量浓度与室外风速存在显著负相关性,与相对湿度存在正相关性,与室内外空气温度相关性不明显。     

室外细颗粒物(PM2.5)建筑围护结构穿透及被动控制措施

为探究室外细颗粒物(PM2.5)通过围护结构缝隙进入建筑室内的原因及影响因素,并以"源头控制"为思路提出被动控制措施,通过实测手段分析了室内和室外PM2.5的相关性及外窗气密性对室外PM2.5的阻隔作用;在介绍PM2.5围护结构缝隙穿透模型的基础上,分析了室外PM2.5进入室内的影响因素;根据实测和理论分析结果提出了被动控制措施。结果表明:室内外PM2.5浓度具有相关性,气密性好的外窗对室外PM2.5的阻隔作用强;颗粒物穿透围护结构的过程受换气次数影响。因此,对于住宅或无正压保证的建筑,应采取较高气密性外窗、保证外窗密封胶条产品质量和安装质量、加强墙体预留孔口的密封以及定期维护等被动式控制措施,以减少室外PM2.5向室内的穿透。     

南京地区某住宅室内外PM2.5测试与分析

使用空气质量检测仪对冬季时段南京某安装顶板毛细管辐射+独立新风空调系统的住宅公寓室内外环境的颗粒污染物进行实测研究,测试了该空调新风系统在连续制热工况下对室外新风的PM2.5过滤效率。通过使用MATLAB软件对实验数据的拟合处理,得到在辐射空调制热工况和新风过滤条件下的室内、外PM2.5浓度的线性关联式。     

建筑和绿地布局对郑州市住区PM2.5的综合影响

面对当前严峻的全球性空气污染问题,如何改善住区空气质量成为住区规划与设计的重要内容之一.本文以寒冷地区郑州市分散式、片状集中式和带状集中式3类典型绿地布局的住区为研究对象,借助微气候观测,描述住区内PM25时空变化特征.进而采用相关性分析、中介效应分析和回归分析,逐步剖析空间形态参数与住区内PM2.5的关联,探究建筑和绿地布局对PM2.5浓度的综合影响,为住区冬季室外环境空气质量评价与优化提供依据.研究表明:1)建筑视图因子(BVF)、天空开阔度(SVF)与植物视图因子(TVF)对PM2.5浓度影响权重排序:TVF ＞BVF ＞SVF.TVF每增加10％,PM2.5浓度上升约20 μg/m3;2)BVF对PM2.5浓度的直接效应最强;SVF主要以相对湿度间接影响PM2.5浓度;3)分散式绿地布局空气环境均质稳定性最好,带状集中式次之,片状集中式最差.     

某宿舍开关窗条件下室内外PM2.5浓度变化分析

由于雾霾的影响,PM2.5受到越来越多的关注。文章介绍了在不同天气以及开关窗条件下测试室内外PM2.5浓度随时间变化的情况。室外的PM2.5浓度受天气影响较大。雾霾天气情况下的PM2.5浓度明显高于下雨和晴朗天气下的PM2.5浓度。同时,在开窗和关窗条件下,室内外的PM2.5浓度随时间的变化具有较强的跟随性。室内外的PM2.5浓度最大值常出现在8:00~10:00时间段左右。为研究室内外PM2.5浓度提供一定参考。     

上海地区霾天通风房间室内外粒子浓度的比较

分别在夏、冬两季典型霾过程期间,对上海地区自然通风房间的室内外空气中PM10、PM2.5的逐时变化进行了连续实测和分析。结果表明,霾天无论室内或室外,PM2.5均为颗粒物浓度的主要贡献者。利用实测数据讨论了PM10和PM2.5间的关系和室内外浓度I/O规律。PM2.5/PM10的变化范围在夏、冬两季实测霾过程中分别为0.741~0.984和0.788~0.957。此外,实测结果说明,在霾天气下通过单边自然通风来改善或维持室内空气质量将不会有实质性效果     

上海市某办公建筑PM_(2.5)浓度分布及影响因素的实测研究

通过对上海市某办公建筑在不同时段和条件下PM2.5等颗粒物浓度的现场测试,得到室内PM2.5浓度分布及变化特性,并分析了影响PM2.5浓度变化的室外颗粒物浓度、门窗开启情况、测试时段、室内人员、吸烟、空调系统、地毯扬尘等因素,探讨了PM2.5与其他粒径颗粒物浓度变化的相关性。实测发现办公楼室内PM2.5浓度在不同时期的变化较大,为了室内工作人员的身体健康,建议在颗粒物污染较严重时期,尽量少开门窗,加强新风过滤处理,在室内发尘较严重的区域,建议同时使用局部净化设备。     

某既有办公建筑空调系统净化改造分析

以某既有办公建筑空调系统净化改造项目为例,通过分析项目的实际需求,提出了分别采用风机盘管和新风机组的改造方案。研究确定了室内和室外PM2.5的设计计算浓度及新风机组过滤器效率计算公式,并得出了渗透换气次数和人均新风量对选择新风机组过滤器效率的影响。通过综合对比分析不同新风机组过滤方案的优缺点,选择G4过滤器+静电过滤器+F8过滤器作为最终方案。介绍了建筑漏洞封堵、空调系统清洗、精细化运行等方面的改造措施和方法。     

两典型办公室室内颗粒物浓度监测与分析

对一普通办公楼及甲级办公楼办公室内、外颗粒物浓度进行监测。监测结果显示建筑室外颗粒物污染严重;普通办公楼室内颗粒物污染严重,甲级办公楼室内颗粒物浓度较低;甲级办公楼室内外颗粒物浓度I／O比值较普通办公楼小;两办公楼室内、外的PM2．5污染均较PMIO污染频繁;室内人和物的剧烈活动、吸烟等活动会造成严重的室内颗粒物污染。     

The analysis of PM2.5 and associated elements and their indoor/outdoor pollution status in an urban area

In this study, elemental composition of PM2.5 and the status of indoor/outdoor pollution were investigated in a commercial building near a roadside area in Daejeon, Korea. A total of 60 parallel PM2.5 samples were collected both on the roof (outdoor) and in an indoor office of a building near a highly congested road during the spring and fall of 2008. The concentrations of 23 elements were analysed from these PM2.5 samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis. PM2.5 levels in indoor environment (47.6 ± 16.5 μg/m(3)) were noticeably higher than the outdoor levels (37.7 ± 17.2 μg/m(3)) with the I/O concentration ratio of 1.37 ± 0.33 [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.89, P < 0.001]. Principal component analysis results coincidently showed the predominance of sources such as soil dust, traffic, oil/coal combustion and road dust for both indoor and outdoor microenvironments. An isolated source in the indoor environment was assigned to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) with high factor loading of Ce, Cl, I, K, La and Zn. The overall results of our study indicate that the sources of indoor constituents were strongly dependent on outdoor processes except for the ones affected by independent sources such as ETS. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: An improved understanding of the factors affecting the indoor PM2.5 concentration levels can lead to the development of an efficient management strategy to control health risks from exposure to indoor PM2.5 and related toxic components. A comparison of our comprehensive data sets indicated that most indoor PM2.5 and associated elemental species were strongly enriched by indoor source activities along with infiltration of ambient outdoor air for a naturally ventilated building.     

上海地区冬季住宅室内外颗粒物浓度的相关性

对上海市某住宅建筑室内外PM10、PM2.5、PM1的浓度进行了测量,研究了最小通风量(外门窗关闭)条件下3种天气时颗粒浓度随时间变化的规律以及相关性,分析了颗粒物浓度与环境温湿度参数之间的关系。研究结果显示,测试期间,室内外空气中细颗粒(PM 2.5)占可吸入颗粒(PM 10)浓度比例分别达65%和87%以上;无明显室内源时,I/O比值小于1且随粒径减小而减小;室内外颗粒浓度相关性与粒径大小有关系,PM1、PM2.5的浓度相关性大于PM10。研究还表明,颗粒物浓度的关联性与天气状况有关系,多云、雨天和阴天时浓度关联性有显著差别;颗粒物的浓度受到室内外温湿度的影响,且受天气状况影响而呈现复杂性。     

Real-time characterization of aerosol particle composition,sources and influences of increased ventilation and humidity in an office

Most of human exposure to atmospheric pollutants occurs indoors, and the components of outdoor aerosols may have been changed in the way before reaching indoor spaces. Here we conducted real-time online measurements of mass concentrations and chemical composition of black carbon and the non-refractory species in PM_2.5 in an occupied office for approximately one month. The open-close windows and controlled dampness experiments were also performed. Our results show that indoor aerosol species primarily originate from outdoors with indoor/outdoor ratio of these species typically less than unity except for certain organic aerosol (OA) factors. All aerosol species went through filtration upon transport indoors. Ammonium nitrate and fossil fuel OA underwent evaporation or particle-to-gas partitioning, while less oxidized secondary OA (SOA) underwent secondary formation and cooking OA might have indoor sources. With higher particulate matter (PM) mass concentration outdoors than in the office, elevated natural ventilation increased PM exposure indoors and this increased exposure was prolonged when outdoor PM was scavenged. We found that increasing humidity in the office led to higher indoor PM mass concentration particularly more oxidized SOA. Overall, our results highlight that indoor exposure of occupants is substantially different from outdoor in terms of mass concentrations and chemical species.     

Simulation comparison of VAV and VRF air conditioning systems in an existing building for the cooling season

Performance of two widely used air conditioning (AC) systems, variable air volume (VAV) and variable refrigerant flow (VRF), in an existing office building environment under the same indoor and outdoor conditions for an entire cooling season is simulated by using two validated respective models and compared. It was observed that the indoor temperatures could not be maintained properly at the set temperature by the VAV no-reheat boxes. However, it could be maintained by the VAV boxes with reheat with a significant energy consumption penalty. It was found that the secondary components (indoor and ventilation units) of the VRF AC system promised 38.0-83.4% energy-saving potential depending on the system configuration, indoor and outdoor conditions, when compared to the secondary components (heaters and the supply fan) of the VAV AC system. Overall, it was found that the VRF AC system promised 27.1-57.9% energy-saving potentials depending on the system configuration, indoor and outdoor conditions, when compared to the VAV AC system.     

电致变色玻璃对办公建筑室内光热环境的控制

将电致变色玻璃实物安装于上海闵行一实验台进行测试。这个实验台包括2个几乎相同的办公建筑会议室,南侧是玻璃窗。其中一个会议室安装电致变色玻璃,可见光透过率为0.01~0.59,另一个会议室安装Low-e玻璃。2个房间均安装了内遮阳帘。研究中分析了电致变色玻璃对室内光环境和热环境的控制效果,同时,与安装Low-e玻璃和内遮阳的会议室的光、热效果进行对比。结果表明,非空调工况时,电致变色玻璃能够提供更均匀、稳定和舒适的室内热环境;同时,电致变色玻璃能够控制室内照度在一定范围内,特别适用于办公建筑室内光环境的舒适性。     

Outdoor Air Contaminants and Indoor Air Quality under Transient Conditions

The indoor concentrations of contaminants originating from outdoor sources have been measured and calculated under transient conditions. The results show that contaminants that are supplied to an office building via the ventilation system can reach considerably high concentration levels. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratio and time lag are dependent on the air change rate. In buildings with low air change rates the indoor concentration variations are smoothed out compared to buildings with high air change rates. The results from the theoretical model are compared to the results from both laboratory and field measurements and the model is verified for well mixed conditions in a 20 m³ test chamber. The model can be used to simulate different control strategies for reduction of indoor contaminant concentrations related to outdoor sources. One such control strategy is based on reduction of the outdoor air change rate during periods with peak outdoor contaminant concentrations.     

Particle size distribution and composition in a mechanically ventilated school building during air pollution episodes

Particle count-based size distribution and PM(2.5) mass were monitored inside and outside an elementary school in Salt Lake City (UT, USA) during the winter atmospheric inversion season. The site is influenced by urban traffic and the airshed is subject to periods of high PM(2.5) concentration that is mainly submicron ammonium and nitrate. The school building has mechanical ventilation with filtration and variable-volume makeup air. Comparison of the indoor and outdoor particle size distribution on the five cleanest and five most polluted school days during the study showed that the ambient submicron particulate matter (PM) penetrated the building, but indoor concentrations were about one-eighth of outdoor levels. The indoor:outdoor PM(2.5) mass ratio averaged 0.12 and particle number ratio for sizes smaller than 1 microm averaged 0.13. The indoor submicron particle count and indoor PM(2.5) mass increased slightly during pollution episodes but remained well below outdoor levels. When the building was occupied the indoor coarse particle count was much higher than ambient levels. These results contribute to understanding the relationship between ambient monitoring station data and the actual human exposure inside institutional buildings. The study confirms that staying inside a mechanically ventilated building reduces exposure to outdoor submicron particles. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study supports the premise that remaining inside buildings during particulate matter (PM) pollution episodes reduces exposure to submicron PM. New data on a mechanically ventilated institutional building supplements similar studies made in residences.     

Characterization of indoor air quality in primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium

The indoor air quality of 27 primary schools located in the city centre and suburbs of Antwerp, Belgium, was assessed. The primary aim was to obtain correlations between the various pollutant levels. Indoor:outdoor ratios and the building and classroom characteristics of each school were investigated. This paper presents results on indoor and local outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations, its elemental composition in terms of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Al, Si, S, and Cl, and its black smoke content. In addition, indoor and local outdoor levels of the gases NO2, SO2, O3, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene isomers) were determined. Black smoke, NO2, SO2 and O3, occurred at indoor:outdoor ratios below unity, indicating their significant outdoor sources. No linear correlation was established between indoor and outdoor levels for PM2.5 mass concentrations and BTEX; their indoor:outdoor ratios exceeded unity except for benzene. Classroom PM2.5 occurred with a different elemental composition than local outdoor PM2.5. The re-suspension of dust because of room occupation is probably the main contributor for the I/O ratios higher than 1 reported for elements typically constituting dust particles. Finally, increased benzene concentrations were reported for classrooms located at the lower levels. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The elevated indoor PM2.5, and BTEX concentrations in primary school classrooms, exceeding the ambient concentrations, raise concerns about possible adverse health effects on susceptible children. This is aggravated by the presence of carpets and in the case of classrooms at lower levels. Analysis of PM2.5's elemental composition indicated a considerable contribution of soil dust to indoor PM2.5 mass. In order to set adequate threshold values and guidelines, detailed information on the health impact of specific PM2.5 composites is needed. The results suggest that local outdoor air concentrations measurements do not provide an accurate estimation of children's personal exposures to the identified air pollutants inside classrooms.