萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物在灭幼脲界面的吸附特性研究

利用残余质量浓度法、ζ电位测定和IR法研究了萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物分散剂在灭幼脲颗粒界面的吸附量、吸附状态、ζ电位、吸附作用力等性能。分析认为,萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物分散剂在灭幼脲颗粒界面吸附后具有静电排斥和空间位阻双重作用,这对维持灭幼脲水悬浮剂的分散稳定性具有重要意义。     

三聚磷酸钠对水煤浆分散剂性能的影响

针对煤粉中含有的高价金属离子会降低水煤浆的成浆性问题,采用了三聚磷酸钠作为金属离子调节剂与几种阴离子型分散剂复配后,进一步提高分散降黏性能.通过测定分散剂在煤粒表面的吸附量、Zeta电位及吸附层厚度,揭示了三聚磷酸钠对脂肪族分散剂(SAF)、木质素系分散剂(GCL3S)及萘系分散剂(FDN)的分散协同增效作用机理.结果表明,三聚磷酸钠与SAF复配同时增加了煤粒之间的静电排斥力和空间位阻,使分散剂在煤粒表面的Zeta电位和吸附层厚度均增大;与GCL3S复配主要增加了煤粒之间的静电排斥作用;对FDN是通过增加分散剂在煤粒之间的空间位阻效应,促进分散降黏性能的提高.     

改性木质素磺酸钠水煤浆分散剂的合成及性能表征

以造纸黑液为原料,丙酮和甲醛为改性剂,通过磺化、缩合反应,合成了改性木质素磺酸钠(MLS),并通过Zet a电位、红外光谱和紫外-可见光分光光度测定等方法,对MLS分散剂、萘磺酸钠甲醛缩合物分散剂(NSF)和脂肪族分散剂(SAF)与低阶煤混合制浆的成浆浓度、流变性、分散剂在煤颗粒表面吸附量、吸附构型以及吸附稳定性进行了研究,确定了最佳的合成条件和分散剂用量。结果表明:MLS分散剂的最佳合成条件为改性剂nNa_2SO_3∶n丙酮为0. 7∶1、磺化时间90 mi n、缩合时间5 h、缩合温度90℃;分散剂添加量0. 5%时,煤样对MLS吸附速率最快,饱和吸附量为4. 52 mg/g,比NSF和SAF高0. 39 mg/g和0. 91 mg/g,且其吸附速率常数比NSF和SAF大;最佳分散剂合成条件下制成的煤浆,最大定黏质量分数达65%以上。     

聚羧酸盐分散剂的亲疏水性对农药分散性能影响

[目的]研究聚羧酸盐分散剂的亲疏水性对农药分散性能影响。[方法]使用合成的不同亲疏水单体比例的甲基丙烯酸苯乙烯共聚钠盐(SSMA)作为分散剂制备莠去津悬浮液。使用TURBISCAN LAB稳定性分析仪、激光粒度仪、Zeta电位仪分别测定莠去津悬浮液的稳定性、平均粒径、Zeta电位,使用紫外-可见分光光度计测定SSMA在莠去津颗粒表面的吸附量。[结果]使用亲油(St)亲水(MAA)单体比例为1∶3的SSMA制备的莠去津悬浮液稳定性最好。莠去津悬浮液的Zeta电位值及SSMA在莠去津颗粒表面的吸附量均随SSMA中亲水单体(MAA)比例的增加而降低。[结论]聚羧酸盐分散剂的亲疏水性主要通过影响分散剂在农药颗粒表面的吸附量以及提供的静电斥力来影响农药悬浮液的稳定性。     

分散剂对纳米TiO2悬浮液稳定性的影响

选择不同的有机物为分散剂分别对纳米TiO2粒子进行了表面改性。通过采用重力沉降法、Zeta电位法等表征了其分散效果,研究了纳米TiO2悬浮液在不同PH值下的分散行为。结果表明:纤维素能使纳米TiO2悬浮稳定性明显提高。在纳米TiO2悬浮液中,纳米TiO2粉体表面的Zeta电位同水溶液的平衡PH有很大关系。提高颗粒表面电位(Zeta电位)是改善粉体分散体系稳定性的有效途径。     

MgO超细颗粒水分散体系的稳定性研究

研究了影响MgO颗粒在水介质中的分散稳定性的因素,并通过降沉实验和测定颗粒的Zeta电势、颗粒粒度以及分散剂在颗粒/水界面的吸附等温线等来解释相关机理。研究发现,阴离子表面活性剂SDS和阳离子表面活性剂CTAB能够吸附在颗粒/水界面,提高颗粒表面的Zeta电势,增加颗粒间静电排斥效应,从而阻碍颗粒间发生絮凝,提高体系的分散稳定性。而阳离子高分子聚合物聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)在颗粒表面形成多点吸附,从而阻碍其它PEI分子在颗粒表面的吸附,对MgO微粒分散体系的稳定性贡献较小。     

纳米Cu分散稳定性能影响因素及作用机理研究

鉴于粉体分散对纳米流体强化传热具有重要意义,通过测定纳米Cu-水悬浮液的Zeta电位和吸光度,探讨了不同pH值、不同分散剂种类及质量分数对纳米Cu-水悬浮液分散稳定性的影响,并分析其作用机理。结果表明:Zeta电位绝对值与吸光度有良好的对应关系,Zeta电位绝对值越高,吸光度越大,则体系分散稳定性越好;pH值、分散剂种类及加入量是影响纳米Cu-水悬浮液分散稳定性的主要因素。pH值为9.5左右时,体系Zeta电位绝对值和吸光度较高,相应分散稳定性较好。CTAB和SDBS能显著提高水溶液中Cu表面Zeta电位绝对值,增大了颗粒间静电排斥力,改善了悬浮液稳定性,而TX-10通过空间位阻在颗粒表面形成良好的水化膜,提高了Cu在水溶液中的分散稳定性。在质量分数为0.1%的纳米Cu-水悬浮液中,TX-10,CTAB,SDBS 3种分散剂加入质量分数分别为0.43%,0.05%,0.07%时,均能得到分散稳定的悬浮液体系。     

利用多重光散射法对纳米TiO2水分散体系稳定性研究

通过多重光散射法研究了纳米TiO2水分散体系稳定性的影响因素。文章探讨了分散剂类型、pH和NaCl质量浓度对水分散体系稳定性的影响规律以及分散剂对纳米TiO2颗粒在水分散液中粒径变化、沉降的微观作用特性。结果表明：纳米TiO2颗粒的粒径在100～200 nm时易相互吸附团聚沉降,分散剂会在纳米TiO2颗粒表面吸附形成双电层,产生更大Zeta电位负值,增强颗粒间的排斥作用,减缓粒径增长和发生沉降的作用,从而提升分散液稳定性;纳米TiO2颗粒的较佳分散条件为：w(六偏磷酸钠)=0.05%,pH=9～10且不加电解质NaCl;多重光散射法与传统的吸光度测试实验所得结果基本相符。     

羧甲基化碱木质素对农药的吸附分散作用机理

为了揭示羧甲基化碱木质素CML较磺化碱木质素(SAL)对农药具有更好分散性能的原因,测定了CML和SAL的亲水基含量、相对分子质量及纯水在木质素涂层的接触角,发现CML的亲水性弱于SAL。对比了两种木质素分散剂在多菌灵颗粒上的吸附等温线,发现CML的吸附量比SAL大,并采用Langmuir、Freundlich方程进行拟合,可知CML的吸附能力大于SAL,说明木质素与农药之间的吸附可能以疏水吸附为主。进一步采用Gaussian模拟计算木质素分散剂与多菌灵的π-π吸附作用力,结果表明羧甲基化碱木质素更易与农药形成稳定π-π作用,进一步促进吸附。亲水性较弱的CML由于与农药具有更强的吸附亲和力,因而吸附量大,对农药颗粒Zeta电位的提高更大,从而具有更好的分散性能。     

利用多重光散射法研究纳米TiO_2水分散体系稳定性

通过多重光散射法研究了纳米Ti O_2水分散体系稳定性的影响因素。探讨了分散剂类型、p H和Na Cl质量浓度对水分散体系稳定性的影响规律以及分散剂对纳米Ti O_2颗粒在分散液中粒径变化、沉降的微观作用特性。结果表明:纳米Ti O_2颗粒的粒径在100~200 nm时易相互吸附团聚沉降,分散剂会在纳米Ti O_2颗粒表面吸附形成双电层,产生更大的Zeta电位负值,增强颗粒间的排斥作用,减缓粒径增长和颗粒沉降,从而提升分散液的稳定性;纳米Ti O_2颗粒的较佳分散条件为:w(六偏磷酸钠)=0.05%,p H=9~10且不加电解质Na Cl;多重光散射法与传统的吸光度测试实验所得结果基本相符。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.