炭涂层硅/石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备及其储锂性能

石墨烯、柠檬酸和硅纳米颗粒的乙醇混合物经超声分散、乙醇挥发和热处理(800℃1h)制备出炭涂层硅/石墨烯(Si@C/G)纳米复合材料。透射电镜表明,Si纳米颗粒的表面形成了一层厚度约为2nm的均匀炭涂层,石墨烯片层支撑着Si@C纳米粒子,且两者具有较强的相互作用。作为锂离子电池负极材料,Si@C/G电极具有较高的库仑效率,在500 mA·g-1的电流密度下,100卷循环后比容量为1431mAh·g-1,表现出优越的循环稳定性。Si@C/G优异的电化学性能归因于石墨烯片层的高导热率、高导电率和优良的机械柔韧性。     

液相制备石墨烯/硫复合材料及其在锂硫电池正极中的应用

采用氧化石墨烯(grapheneoxide,GO)作为制备石墨烯的前驱体,通过液相还原自组装过程与硫纳米颗粒进行复合,获得了高性能的还原氧化石墨烯/硫(r GO/S)复合正极材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等对材料微观形貌与结构进行表征。结果表明:硫纳米颗粒均匀分布在石墨烯片层间,并且硫纳米颗粒被石墨烯片层有效地封装,硫在35-r GO/S复合物中的质量分数高达83.6%。该35-r GO/S复合正极在0.2C电流密度下初始放电容量可达1197.3mAh·g^-1,经过200次循环后容量仍保持在730mAh·g^-1左右,表现出优异的循环性能。     

还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)/硅复合材料的制备及用作锂离子电池负极的电化学性能

利用天然鳞片石墨通过改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯(GO),在碱性条件下通过超声波剥离、静电自组装、磁力搅拌和高温还原的方法合成了还原氧化石墨烯/硅(RGO/Si)复合材料。借助XRD、SEM、TEM、EDX能谱分析和比表面积分析等发现,Si颗粒均匀分布在RGO片层内。在室温下,以该复合材料作为锂离子电池负极,在不同电流密度下研究了其电化学性能。结果表明,RGO/Si复合材料(2∶1)首次循环的放电比容量为1 231 mAh/g,首次库仑效率高达90.9%,在20次循环后,可逆容量保持在452 mAh/g,库仑效率为99.2%。RGO/Si复合材料(1∶1)的RGO片层包覆Si颗粒最紧密,其复合结构最稳定,在高电流密度下容量保持率较高。     

纳米二氧化锡/三维大孔石墨烯复合电极的制备及其储锂性能的研究

以维生素C(VC)为还原剂,通过溶剂热还原法制备了纳米二氧化锡/三维大孔石墨烯复合负极材料(SnO_2/3DGr)。SEM和TEM测试表明,SnO_2/3DGr具有均匀分布的微米级孔隙,其中SnO_2晶粒尺寸为6~8nm,且均匀分布在石墨烯片层表面。电化学测试表明所制备的SnO_2/3DGr复合电极材料具有优异的电化学性能,该材料在电流密度为100mA/g时,循环100周之后仍然具有1678mAh/g的可逆比容量,在极高电流密度5A/g下,仍然保持405mAh/g的可逆比容量,表现出非常优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。该材料独特的三维大孔结构以及SnO_2与石墨烯的协同作用,很好地抑制了SnO_2在循环过程中的体积效应,大大改善了SnO_2负极材料的电化学性能。     

三维石墨烯纳米球的制备及其在锂离子电池中的应用

采用直流电弧放电法制备出一种三维石墨烯纳米球材料。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射光谱(XRD)等测试方法对三维石墨烯纳米球的形貌和结构进行了表征和研究。通过交流阻抗(EIS)、恒流充放电和循环稳定性测试等电化学测试手段来研究三维石墨烯纳米球作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明, 在电流密度为0.05 A/g下, 三维石墨烯纳米球作为锂离子电池负极材料的首次放电容量为485.9 mAh/g, 高于炭黑作负极的放电容量(401 mAh/g); 当电流密度为1 A/g时, 三维石墨烯纳米球负极材料仍然具有185.4 mAh/g的放电容量。在电流密度分别为0.5 A/g和2.5 A/g下, 充放电循环100次以后, 三维石墨烯纳米球的比容量几乎没有衰减, 这表明三维石墨烯纳米球作为锂离子电池的负极材料比炭黑具有更大的容量, 同时具有优异的循环稳定性。     

核壳结构Si/C复合负极材料的制备与储锂性能研究

以酚醛树脂包覆纳米硅颗粒后通过碳化处理,制备了具有核壳结构的Si/C复合负极材料,并研究了碳化温度和电极中活性物质含量对储锂性能的影响。透射电子显微镜分析结果表明,该复合材料由厚度为5~15nm的无定型碳壳包覆的硅颗粒组成。电化学测试表明,750℃碳化所得复合材料在活性材料∶粘结剂∶乙炔黑=1∶1∶1(质量比)时,初始放电容量为1836mAh/g(首次库仑效率84.8%),循环50次后仍可保持873mAh/g的可逆容量。此外,具有核壳结构的Si/C复合负极比纯硅负极表现出更好的循环稳定性,这可能是因为碳壳的存在缓解了硅的体积膨胀、改善硅的导电性,在一定程度上保证了Li+嵌入和脱出过程的稳定进行。     

锂硫电池三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料的制备及其性能

以天然石墨粉为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯,再通过水热还原、熔融升华法制备得到三维石墨烯/硫二元复合正极材料。对三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料进行微观形貌和电化学性能的表征,结果显示:石墨烯具有三维多孔网状结构,能有效增加活性物质硫的利用率,并且硫均匀地负载在三维石墨烯的孔道和表面,没有发生团聚现象;电化学性能结果显示:三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料在C/8电流密度下首次充放电容量为800mAh/g,40周次循环后容量还保持在600mAh/g左右,表明三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料具有优异的循环与倍率性能。     

锂离子电池Si/C/石墨复合负极材料的电化学性能

采用热裂解方法, 热解分散于聚偏二氟乙烯溶液中的硅和石墨, 得到了具有稳定电化学循环性能的Si/C/石墨复合负极材料。透射电子显微镜观察发现, 复合材料形貌为无定型碳包裹硅颗粒的核壳结构。通过系统研究不同Si粒径和石墨含量对电极电化学性能的影响, 发现Si颗粒粒径越小复合材料电化学循环稳定性能越优越, 适当的降低石墨含量有利于电极材料剩余比容量的提高。当Si粒径为50 nm, Si与石墨质量比1:1时, 电极材料具有1741.6 mAh/g的首次放电比容量和72.5%的首次库仑效率, 60次循环后, 可逆比容量保持在820 mAh/g。热解有机物形成碳包覆的结构能有效地改善硅基类负极材料的电化学循环性能。     

三维多孔C球包覆纳米SnO2复合材料的电化学性能研究

以葡萄糖为碳源,锡酸钠为锡源,通过水热法制备了三维多孔C球包覆纳米SnO2复合材料。结果表明:样品的XRD谱线都出现SnO2的特征峰,多孔SnO2/C球尺寸为100nm左右,10～50nm的SnO2颗粒被均匀地包覆在约30nm的多孔碳层中。考察了水热时间对复合材料电化学性能的影响,在水热时间6h、烧结温度500℃、烧结保温时间2h的条件下,复合电极材料具有较高的可逆容量,首次可逆比容量为581.0mAh/g,首次放充电(嵌脱锂)效率为66.48%,经50次循环后,充电比容量保持在502.9mAh/g,循环效率为99.9%,具有较好的循环性能。     

锂离子电池硅/碳纳米管/石墨烯自支撑负极材料研究

通过真空驱动自组装法及蒸汽处理得到结构疏松的硅/碳纳米管/石墨烯自支撑负极材料(Si/CNTs/GP)。纳米硅颗粒(50 nm)为活性物质, 均匀分布在石墨烯片层结构中间; 石墨烯作为碳基体, 通过自组装构筑形成二维导电网络; 碳纳米管(CNTs)具有超高导电性和良好的力学强度, 它通过吸附作用均匀分布在石墨烯基体上形成导电的支撑网络结构。经过蒸汽处理后, 石墨烯层间距明显增大, 层与层之间不再是紧密堆叠的结构, 而是形成一种疏松、褶皱、内部空隙丰富的片层结构。Si/CNTs/GP负极材料中丰富的内部空穴和贯穿孔洞, 提供了材料很高的比表面积, 能有效提高电解液对材料的浸润性, 极大缩短了离子传输距离。同时这些内部空穴也有效缓冲硅充放电时的体积膨胀, 提高了材料的结构稳定性和电化学性能。该负极材料在4 A/g的大电流密度下容量维持在600 mAh/g, 表现出良好的大电流循环稳定性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.