近断层/远场地震动作用下控制性岩体结构对地下洞室地震稳定性影响研究

 当前地下岩石工程地震响应研究中,缺乏对近断层地震动的影响机制的研究,也较少考虑地下岩石工程赋存环境中的地质结构。采用一种非线性节理本构模型模拟不利地质结构面,结合从NGA-West2数据库中选取的近断层脉冲型、近断层无脉冲型、及远场地震记录,分析近断层地震动对不利地质结构地震破坏现象的影响机制,并讨论、提出不利地质结构的地震动潜在破坏势,最后针对受层间错动带C2切割控制的白鹤滩水电站左岸尾水系统1#尾调室,揭示其在近断层脉冲型、无脉冲型、远场地震动作用下的动力响应与稳定性的差异。初步研究结果表明：(1) 仅有近断层脉冲型地震动才具有较大的速度、位移峰值和反应谱长周期值的特点,而近断层无脉冲型地震动特性与远场地震动近似;(2) 相对于近断层的大幅值,速度脉冲才是导致近断层地震动具有较大破坏能力的根本原因,速度脉冲使得岩体结构面两盘产生不可接受的剪切位移,成为洞室在近断层地震动作用下独特的失稳机制;(3) 对于地下工程中的不利地质结构而言,相比最常用的地震动强度参数PGA,PGV,PGD和PGV/PGA是为更理想的地震动潜在破坏势,且近断层/远场地震动可适用一种破坏势;(4) 提出的潜在破坏势参数在白鹤滩尾水系统1#尾调室的地震响应分析中得到了较好的验证,若受近断层脉冲型地震动的影响,洞室可能处于不稳定状态,可能需要针对性的抗震支护措施。结论可供地下洞室的抗震设计与分析参考。     

剑阁县新城区设计地震动参数确定

基于四川剑阁县新城区10个工程场地地震反应钻孔资料,在地震危险性分析的基础上,利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了工程场地在三种不同强度地震动输入下的地表峰值加速度,给出了设计地震动参数,为该地区抗震设计、防震减灾规划和城市土地利用规划提供了依据.     

考虑地震环境下现役结构抗震加固设防地震动参数研究

提出了现役结构抗震加固设计基准期的概念,并提出了不同重要性的现役结构抗震加固设计基准期的取值原则,分析了现役结构抗震加固的设防目标。在用形状参数k作为表征不同地区地震危险性差异的基础上,由地震烈度的危险性曲线公式推导了设计地震加速度Amax和地震影响系数αmax的危险性曲线计算公式,进而对具有不同后续设计使用寿命期的现役结构不同设防水准的抗震加固设防地震动参数进行了研究,给出了设计地震动参数的计算步骤,为现役结构的抗震加固设计提供了依据。     

中美欧抗震设计规范地震动参数换算关系的研究

通过对中美欧抗震设计规范中场地类别以及设计地震危险性特征等内容的分析比较,确定了中美欧抗震设计规范中场地类别的对应关系,给出了三本规范间地震动参数的换算关系以及中国地震分区在美欧规范中的地震动参数值。     

中国大陆地区建筑结构一致倒塌风险的设计地震动研究

基于一致倒塌风险的抗震设计可使不同地区的建筑物在一定时期内达到倒塌风险一致。为了对中国大陆地区建筑结构基于一致倒塌风险的设计地震动的确定进行研究，介绍了一致风险地震动的基本概念及通过设计因子法获取一致风险地震动的原理，并对中国大陆地区一般建筑结构基于一致倒塌风险的地震动计算时采用的结构易损性标准差、目标倒塌风险和设计地震动对应的倒塌概率的合理取值进行分析，结果表明，以一致危险性地震动设防的中国大陆不同地区的一般建筑结构不能达到一致倒塌风险。基于给定的输入参数，使用设计因子法得到了中国大陆基于一致倒塌风险的地震动与当前地震动参数区划图中50年超越概率10%地震动的比值(称为设计因子)的分布，并对不同的输入参数对设计因子的影响进行了分析，发现设计因子与地震动参数有很强的相关性，进而给出了适用于中国大陆的地震反应谱设计因子与地震动参数的拟合式。通过对全国不同烈度分区的算例表明，使用该拟合式得到的一致风险反应谱可以使不同地区和不同周期的结构获得一致的倒塌概率。     

近断层/远场地震动作用下隧道结构易损性研究

以川藏铁路线控制性工程——折多山隧道为研究对象,建立隧道动力时程分析模型。结合场地地震动设计反应谱,选取近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动记录,用于增量动力分析隧道工程结构的抗震性能水平。初步探讨适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标IM,分析不同特征部位隧道结构易损性,对比分析近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动作用下隧道结构的地震易损性概率,并进一步给出在2种不同地震动作用下隧道结构在三级设防要求下的失效概率。结果表明:对于隧道结构,PGA为合适的IM指标;隧道左右边墙处衬砌为震害易损部位,可视作抗震设计的薄弱部位;在Ⅷ度多遇地震水平作用下,隧道结构仅发生轻微损伤甚至保持完好无损伤状态的概率较大,而在Ⅷ度罕遇与极罕遇地震水平作用下,隧道结构发生危及生命安全的严重损伤的概率较大;在相同强度的地震动作用下,近断层脉冲型地震动导致隧道结构发生更为严重破坏的可能性更大,具有更强的破坏性,在隧道抗震设计中,不可忽视近断层地震动的速度脉冲效应对隧道结构抗震性能的影响。     

第12届世界地震工程会议论文综述(1)

第 12届世界地震工程会议于 2 0 0 0年 1月 30日至 2月 4日在新西兰的奥克兰(Auckland)举行 ,会议论文展示了 90年代以来地震工程学界和土木工程学界的最新研究成果和研究动向。论文作者将用三篇文章按照①地震动的研究与地震区划 ;②结构性能目标水准和破坏与可靠性评估 ;③结构抗震设计方法等三方面对会议中与结构抗震设计理论有关的论文进行归纳整理。本文主要讨论地震动的研究与地震区划的研究情况 ,另两个问题将在以后的文章中讨论     

建筑结构弹塑性时程分析中地震动记录选取方法的比较研究

选择合适的地震动记录是采用弹塑性时程分析预测建筑结构地震响应的基础。列举了现有针对不同分析目的的三种地震动记录选取方法,比较了按不同方法建立的地震动记录选择集的地面运动峰值和反应谱特性,并通过分析两个不同初始周期框架结构的弹塑性地震响应,对不同地震动记录选取方法的分析结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,基于设计反应谱和基于最不利地震动的选取方法均与结构的初始周期相关,当结构在地震作用下刚度退化比较明显时,这些方法有可能难以达到预期的目标;而当地震动强度指标恰当、且选取的地震动记录数量较多时,基于台站和地震信息的选取方法不会造成过大的结构弹塑性地震响应的离散性,同时这种方法不依赖于结构的动力特性,操作简便,适用性强,适于在研究不同结构类型和不同动力特性建筑结构的抗震性能时应用。     

超高层建筑场地地震动参数的确定

基于抗震设计的重要性,以厦门某超高层建筑场地为例,在场地地震危险性概率分析的基础上,对场地土层进行了一维地震反应分析计算,确定了该工程场地地震动参数,为抗震设计提供了依据.     

性能设计中设防标准与设计参数的确定

传统的抗震设防标准不能有效地控制结构的的破坏和经济损失。提出在基于性能的抗震设计理论中,应该以某些地震动参数作为抗震设防的依据;而且将地震设防等级分为常遇地震、偶遇地震、罕遇地震和稀罕地震四级,并指出抗震设计时可以选用设计地面运动加速度和场地特征周期作为设计参数。     

Statistical evaluation of the damage potential of earthquake ground motions

This study focuses on the damage potential of earthquake ground motions based on the inelastic dynamic response of equivalent single degree of freedom structures. Their yield resistances are selected in accordance with seismic design codes. An index accounting for the accumulation of damage due to inelastic excursions is used to represent structural damage. A set of 94 ground motions are employed for this analysis, which are all scaled to the same peak ground acceleration of 0.4 g. Earthquake ground motions are classified with respect to both the ratio of peak velocity to peak acceleration (V/A ratio) and their effective excitation duration. The effect of these parameters on damage potential is investigated by using sensitivity analysis and probabilistic techniques. It is concluded that both V/A ratio and effective duration significantly influence the damage potential of earthquake ground motions, although they are not represented appropriately by the spectral definitions of earthquake excitations in seismic design codes.     

抗震设计规范之近断层中小地震影响

近年来发生的中小震级地震中 ,在靠近断层附近观测到的记录中具有显著加速度和速度峰值 ,对结构造成了极大的破坏 ,同时 ,现行抗震设计规范多是以大震级地震记录为基础建立起来的 ,很少考虑断层距对结构地震反应的影响。本文在充分收集近断层地震记录的基础上 ,对近断层中小震级地震动的峰值和反应谱进行了统计分析 ,并和我国的结构抗震设计规范进行了对比 ,指出了现行抗震设计规范的不足之处 ,得出了一些有益的结果 ,为今后抗震设计规范的完善和结构的抗震计算提供了参考。     

近断层脉冲型地震作用下防屈曲支撑-钢筋混凝土框架结构的抗震性能

具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应的近断层脉冲型地震动对建筑结构的破坏已受到工程界的广泛关注。为了解设置防屈曲支撑（BRB）的混凝土框架在近断层脉冲型地震动激励下的抗震性能,采用基于能量平衡的塑性设计方法完成了3个V形BRB支撑的RC框架结构的抗震设计。分别选取具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应的脉冲型以及非脉冲型三组共36条近断层地震动,对结构进行罕遇地震作用下的非线性动力分析,研究了结构的最大层间位移角、最大顶点加速度、最大顶点位移和BRB的轴向性能;分析和评估了结构在3条典型地震动激励下的地震响应。结果表明：近断层脉冲型地震动比非脉冲型地震动对结构会产生更大的地震响应,且响应显著集中于速度脉冲时刻;BRB能充分发挥其耗能特性,提高RC框架结构体系的抗震性能。     

Effects of near-fault ground motions and equivalent pulses on multi-story structures

The focus of this paper is the structural response of multi-story structures to near-fault ground motions, and whether structural response is dominated by the ground motion pulses present in forward-directivity ground motions. Also considered is whether simplified pulses are capable of representing the effects of these pulses on structural response. Incremental Dynamic Analysis was employed to assess the effects of forward-directivity pulses on the response of near-fault multi-story structures. Three different generic multi-story shear buildings were subjected to fifty four near-fault ground motions including ordinary and forward-directivity records. The Maximum Story Displacement Ductility Demand was selected as the Engineering Demand Parameter. Results showed that pulse-like forward-directivity ground motions impose a larger ductility demand to the structure compared to ordinary ground motions. Moreover, the response of the structures to forward-directivity motions shows higher scatter than the response to ordinary ground motions when correlated with simple intensity measures such as PGA or spectral acceleration at the first mode period. The only intensity measure that appears to be valid for both ordinary and forward-directivity ground motions is the peak ground velocity. The structural response to the forward directivity ground motions was reproduced using an equivalent pulse model based on the modified Gabor Wavelet pulse. It is shown that when the ratio of pulse period to the fundamental structural period falls in a range of 0.5-2.5, the equivalent pulse model appropriately represents the structural response to forward-directivity ground motions. The simplified pulse parameters can be predicted using existing relationships and can be incorporated into probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to develop a seismic reliability analysis. Finally, the effects of damping ratio and P-Δ were investigated for forward-directivity ground motions. The effect of variations in the damping ratio on the ductility demand was insignificant while P-Δ-effects on the ductility demand are significant.     

Seismic response of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for the Los Angeles region

This study utilized nonlinear response history analysis to compare the seismic demand on three variations of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for high seismic hazard in the Los Angeles region. The three designs were referred to as a ‘code‐based design’, based on the 2006 International Building Code, a ‘performance‐based design’, based on criteria published by the Los Angeles Tall Building Design Council (LATBSDC) and a ‘performance‐based design plus’, based on newly developed criteria from The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). The response history analysis utilized spectrum‐matched ground motions as well as simulated ground motions for the Puente Hills fault. The spectrum‐matched motions were selected from the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA) database, which is largely composed of recorded motions and scaled to five hazard levels. The simulated ground motions were broadband signals generated from a moment magnitude (M_w) 7.15 scenario rupture of the Puente Hills fault for two near fault regions and exhibit long period energy content that significantly exceeds the uniform hazard spectrum. Structural performance was assessed in terms of exceedance of a safe inter‐storey drift ratio (IDR). It was seen that the simulated ground motions impose higher IDR demands on the structures than the spectrum‐matched NGA ground motions. Furthermore, the number of instances of exceedance of a safe IDR, considered for this study as IDR = 0.03, is substantially higher for the simulated ground motions, pointing to the importance of considering such motions in the collapse prevention of tall buildings on a site‐specific basis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

反应谱离散性对梁桥概率地震需求预计的影响

以一座三跨非规则钢筋混凝土连续梁桥为例,选择2组实际地震波作为输入地面运动,通过IDA分析探讨地震波反应谱的离散度对于梁桥结构概率地震需求预计的影响,得到以下结论：实际地震波的反应谱离散度与桥梁结构概率地震需求预计的离散度密切相关;针对基于概率理论的PBEE和PBSD,合理的选择实际地震波进行动力分析,可以使地震需求的概率分布更加符合实际情况,提高概率地震需求预计、易损性曲线等计算结果的精确性和计算效率。     

近断层地震动向前方向性效应和滑冲效应对高层钢结构地震反应的影响

为考察近断层地震动向前方向性效应和滑冲效应引起的两种速度脉冲运动对高层钢框架结构地震反应的影响,选择具有向前方向性效应、滑冲效应和无速度脉冲的近断层地震动作为输入,利用SAP2000软件对一座20层平面钢框架进行非线性时程分析。计算结果表明,含滑冲效应和向前方向性效应的脉冲地震动主要激发结构基本振型反应,而无速度脉冲的地震动能够激起结构的高阶振型反应,而且,脉冲型地震动的结构破坏作用远强于无速度脉冲地震动。最后,引入了单自由度体系的能量耗散系数,从能量耗散和高阶振型影响的角度对钢结构动力反应计算结果和损伤破坏状态给出了合理解释。     

Seismic partitioned fragility analysis for high‐rise RC chimney considering multidimensional ground motion

In order to identify the vulnerable parts and areas of the high‐rise reinforced concrete chimney, this paper presents an effective method, which called partitioned fragility analysis. One 240‐m‐high reinforced concrete chimney was selected as the practical project, and its analytical model was created with ABAQUS software. The selected high‐rise chimney structure was divided into 17 parts, and then the damage probability of each part in different damage states was obtained with the fragility analysis considering multidimensional ground motions. Twenty ground motion records were taken from the Next Generation Attenuation database as the input motions, and the peak ground acceleration was selected as the intensity measure. The response of the chimney structure under multidimensional ground motions was obtained based on incremental dynamic analysis. The maximum strains of concrete and steel bars were defined as the damage limit states of the chimney structure. The fragility curves and surfaces obtained from this analysis showed that the vulnerable areas of the chimney structure appear at 0–20 m, 90–130 m, and 150–200 m along the height of the chimney respectively. Based analytical results, these vulnerable parts can be retrofitted to enhance the seismic resistance of existing chimney structures. And the partitioned fragility analysis method can also be used to improve the design of new chimney structures.     

Effectiveness of motion scaling procedures for the seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams for near field motions

With the advent of the time domain analyses, preferred over the design methods based on the response spectrum idea, the use of time histories in the seismic analysis of dams is common practice. Selection of the ground motions to be used in time history analysis is a crucial task as the seismic demands show large variance depending on the chosen records. In order to reduce this variability and predict the ‘true’ demand related to the seismic hazard conditions of the site, the selected ground motions are usually scaled and/or modified. Commonly utilised ground motion scaling techniques (i.e. scaling to the target spectrum, maximum incremental velocity and spectrum matching) are evaluated in this study for determining the efficiency and accuracy of the scaling technique in predicting the target demands on the concrete gravity dams. Different canyon geometries and moduli ratios were considered in a robust soil–structure–reservoir interaction framework including the ground motion variability through the use of a large ensemble of motions. The minimum number of required motions for consistent estimation of seismic demands on gravity dams was determined to be higher than current practice. Demand parameters corresponding to the non-linear response were determined to be underestimated by the scaled sets.