以钢衬玻璃套管代替盐酸冷却器的尝试与使用

1 前言 该设备是我厂8号车间盐酸回收岗位的主体设备之一,其介质是盐酸及混入氯化氢气体中的微量氯化苯。其主要用途是:在冷却器上部将从盐酸罐中打上来的水与缩合排出的氯化氢气体混合,进行吸收。氯化氢气体溶于水放出大量的热,经冷却器冷却后回流到盐酸罐中,如此反复循环,吸收了大量氯化氢气体,生产出副产品——工业盐酸,达到保护环境,减少污染的目的。     

含氟氯化氢气体和盐酸的脱氟技术研究进展

氟化工产品的生产过程中,一般副产会含有氟离子的氯化氢气体(或盐酸)。介绍了干法脱氟、湿法除氟和盐酸脱氟技术在含氟氯化氢气体和盐酸处理中的应用,对氯化氢的综合利用具有重要参考价值。     

电石法PVC含汞废酸处理系统

阐述了氯乙烯合成过程中过量的氯化氢气体回收处理的工艺流程:首先采用组合塔吸收净化氯乙烯气体,同时吸收氯化氢气体制取质量分数为31%的浓盐酸;然后采用浓盐酸解吸系统、稀盐酸深度解吸/负压浓缩系统对浓盐酸进一步处理,得到高纯度氯化氢气体。整个系统闭路循环,没有多余废气、废酸排放。     

合成盐酸工艺氯化氢吸收装置的改进

合成盐酸工艺氯化氢气体的吸收,是利用清水做吸收剂,氯化氢气体在其中具有明显的溶解度。氯化氢气体中其它组分含量较少,而溶解度又小到可以完全忽略,所以可视为单组分吸收。现在大多数氯碱厂都有合成盐酸生产工艺,主要用来平衡氯气。合成盐酸的生产工艺是很成熟的。但是,随着     

用三氧化硫和盐酸为原料生产氯磺酸

氯磺酸是一种重要的磺化剂,通常由三氧化硫气体和氯化氢气体直接合成。氯化氢气体的来源有两种,一种是工业副产,另一种是用盐酸制得。对于没有氯化氢原料的企业,可考虑采用三氧化硫和盐酸为原料生产氯磺酸,工艺流程见图1。     

用波纹填料塔吸收盐酸尾气

生产合成盐酸时,氯化氢气体经降膜吸收塔吸收后尾气仍然含有氯化氢气体,为了减少环境污染,降低产品成本,需再次吸收这一部分氯化氢尾气。     

盐酸乙脒生产过程中氯化氢气体水分含量测定

用五氧化二磷吸收,直接称重水分,用氢氧化钠溶液吸收氯化氢气体,硝酸银标准溶液滴定氯离子,建立了氯化氢气体中水分测定的分析方法,从而为盐酸乙脒的生产解决了氯化氢气体中水分的测定问题     

利用氯乙酸尾气中氯化氢制备盐酸乙脒

氯乙酸尾气中富含氯化氢气体，以往都吸收成盐酸，利用值很小；而盐酸乙脒的生产又因为原料氯化氢的限制得不到发展。针对此种情况，详细介绍了以氯乙酸尾气中的氯化氢为原料，制备盐酸乙脒的新方法。     

浅谈氯化氢吸收与盐酸脱吸技术

介绍了高浓度氯化氢气体吸收、低浓度氯化氢气体吸收、浓盐酸脱吸、稀盐酸脱吸的工艺现状及石墨设备在这些工艺中的应用.     

利用氯乙酸尾气中氯化氢制备盐酸乙脒

氯乙酸尾气中富含氯化氢气体，以往都吸收成盐酸，利用值得小；而盐酸乙脒的生产又因为原料氯化氢的限制得不发展。针对此种情况，详细介绍了以氯乙酸尾气中的氯化氢为原料，制备盐酸乙脒的新方法。     

Extraction of protactinium from acid media using Aliquat 336

Solvent extraction studies on protactinium were carried out from hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids using Aliquat 336 and ²³¹Pa. The extraction of protactinium from hydrofluoric acid (0.025–10 M) decreased with increasing acid concentration and was less than 10% above 5 M. The extraction from hydrochloric acid (0.5–8 M) started only above 4 M and increased with increasing acid concentration. The extraction of protactinium from a mixture containing hydrochloric acid (0.5–8 M) and 0.03 M hydrofluoric acid decreased with increasing acid concentration reached to a minimum at about 2 M and then increased with increasing acid concentration. At low acidity, extraction of protactinium from hydrofluoric acid was higher compared to hydrochloric acid and the mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Nitric acid (10 M) and hydrofluoric acid (10 M) were suitable for quantitative recovery of protactinium from organic phase. The extraction of ²³¹Pa from real thorium lean raffinate of thorium–uranium extraction process was studied using optimized extraction conditions.     

腐植酸从哪里来，到哪里去

从腐植酸的概念引出腐植酸的来源,从腐植酸的功能引出腐植酸的应用,从腐植酸的科研与实践引出为大环境、大农业、大工业、大医药服务的专业本色。本文通过工作实务,阐述了“腐植酸从哪里来,到哪里去”的核心价值,进一步明确了腐植酸新产业的方针、方向、机制、规模和目标,描述了腐植酸新产业的光明前景。     

化学—酶催化法制备D-谷氨酸与γ-氨基丁酸

用保加利亚乳杆菌制备L-谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）粗提物,通过化学消旋由L-谷氨酸制备DL-谷氨酸,用GAD催化DL-谷氨酸中的L-谷氨酸生成γ-氨基丁酸,利用等电点沉淀法获得D-谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸.     

对苯二甲酸和对羧基苯甲醛在醋酸水溶液中的溶解度

测定了420-505K温度范围内,对苯二甲酸和对羧基苯甲醛在醋酸水溶液中溶解度。在70%-100%醋酸水溶液中,70%醋酸使对苯二甲酸的溶解度对温度最敏感,随着醋酸浓度增加,对苯二甲酸的溶解度减少。当温度低于470K时,对苯二甲酸在水中的溶解性低于醋酸中的溶解度;温度高于470K时,对苯二甲酸在水中的溶解性对温度敏感明显提高。40%醋酸使对羧基苯甲醛的溶解度对温度最敏感, 随着醋酸浓度增加, 对羧基苯甲醛的溶解度增加。实验数据用修正的Apelblat方程进行了对苯二甲酸和对羧基苯甲醛在醋酸水溶液中溶解度关联,计算与实验值吻合良好。     

混合二元酸制备多元膦酸缓蚀阻垢剂研究

混合二元酸是环己烷氧化制己二酸生产过程中的副产品，其中含有丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸等组分，其组成复杂，尽管价格便宜，但分离成本高，不经过分离进行综合利用受到很大的限制。实验不但成功地分别以戊二酸、己二酸为原料合成出新型的同碳二膦酸，而且根据多组分缓蚀阻垢剂的协同效应原理，采用组成复杂的混合二元酸一步合成出混合多元膦酸。对纯二元酸合成的产品和混合二元酸合成的产品缓蚀组垢性能进行了比较。实验结果表明，混合二元酸合成的产品作为水处理剂具有优良的缓蚀和阻垢作用。     

Fat-based dibasic acids

Aside from “dimer acids” (E.C. Leonard’s paper), the best known fat-based dibasic acids consist of eight product types of which only four are commercially important. These are described in detail in this paper: (a.) Azelaic acid produced from oleic acid by either chrome oxidation or ozonolysis of oleic acid also, “brassylic” acid from mixed 55% erucic-containing crambe oil fatty acids. (b). Sebacic acid from castor oil or possibly dodecanedioic acid from lesquerolic acid by caustic fusion. (c) C-21 Dibasic acid by Diels Alder reaction between isomerized TOFA and acrylic acid. (d.) C-19 Dibasic acids (carboxystearic acids) from oleic acid by carboxylation. (e.) Mixed C-11/C-12 Dibasic acids by several routes. Both the alkali cleavage and gentle nitric acid oxidations of certain hydroxy fatty acids (e.g., 12-hydroxystearic acid from hydrogenation of ricinoleic acid, etc.) can be used to afford mixed C-11/C-12 dibasic acids. (f.) Dibasic acid mixtures by nitric acid oxidations. Depending upon conditions, both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized to a heterogeneous mixture of mono- and dibasic acids by oxidation with nitric acid.     

On the syntheses of branched saturated fatty acids

In order to investigate the relation between the structure of mono-branched saturated fatty acids and their physical properties, a three-factor central composite design was constructed. For this purpose sixteen different fatty acids were prepared. The synthetic strategy was to use if possible, a few common starting materials for the preparation of most of the acids. Thus alkylation and hydrolysis of oxazolines were used for the preparation of 2-butylhexanoic acid, 2-methyloctadecanoic acid, 2-hexadecyloctadecanoic acid and 2-pentyloctadecanoic acid. A number of acids were prepared from thiophene derivatives followed by desulfurization with Raney-Nickel alloy under alkaline conditions. Thus, starting from 3-ethylthiophene, 4-ethyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid and 4-ethyl-2-methyl-5-thiophenecarboxylic acid were prepared, which upon desulfurization gave the desired 4-methylhexanoic acid. From 3-bromo-2-methylthiophene, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-5-thiophenecarboxylic acid was preparedvia 3-acetyl-2-methylthiophene and 3-ethyl-2-methylthiophene. Desulfurization gave 4-ethylhexanoic acid. Another approach started with 2-acylthiophenes, which were reacted with Grignard reagent to yield the appropriate olefins. By metalation and reaction with carbon dioxide, these were transformed to the corresponding 2-thiophenecarboxylic acids. Upon desulfurization, the desired fatty acids were obtained. In this way 6-propyldecanoic acid, 6-hexyldodecanoic acid, 6-methyldodecanoic acid and 6-pentylpentadecanoic acid were prepared. The remaining four acids were prepared from some of the branched acids described above through Kolbe reactions of dioic acids. Thus 16-methyloctadecanoic acid and 10-methyl-dodecanoic acid were obtained from 4-methylhexanoic acid, 16-ethyloctadecanoic acid from 4-ethylhexanoic acid and 9-pentyloctadecanoic acid from 6-pentylpentadecanoic acid.     

Isolation of a pure isomer of linoleic acid hydroperoxide

A mixture of positional isomers of linoleic acid hydroperoxide was produced from the oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase from corn or soybean. Chromatography on a column of silicic acid separated 13-hydroperoxy-11,9-octadecadienoic acid in 99+% purity from the mixture obtained by soybean lipoxygenase oxidation of linoleic acid. Attempts at isolation of pure 9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid from hydroperoxides obtained by corn lipoxygenase oxygenation of linoleic acid were partially successful with isolation of the 9-hydroperoxide in 97% purity.     

从生物量生产丙烯酸的研究和开发进展

1 INTRODUCTION Energy resources are divided into two categories: renewable and non-renewable. The fossil energy re- sources, such as petroleum, coal, natural gas and nu- clear energy, are non-renewable, whereas solar energy, hydraulic energy, wind power as well as biomass, etc., are renewable. Nowadays, worldwide efforts to reduce atmospheric CO2 emissions and to overcome the shortage and sharp price rise of fossil energy resources, especially petroleum, simultaneously trigger research on…     

红树林内生真菌Paecilomyces sp.(Tree1-7)脂肪酸成分分析

采用φ(硫酸)=1%的甲醇溶液酯化法(方法1)和酸碱结合甲酯化法(方法2)分别对红树林内生真菌Paecilomyces sp.(Tree1-7)代谢产物的石油醚部位衍生化,用气相色谱-质谱法分析鉴定了其成分,测定了各成分的相对质量分数。两种方法鉴定出共有主要脂肪酸成分6种,分别为9,12-十八碳二烯酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、顺-9-十八碳烯酸、12-甲基-十四烷酸和Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid。其中9,12-十八碳二烯酸为红树林内生真菌Paecilomyces sp.(Tree1-7)石油醚部位的主要成分,其相对质量分数达56%以上。但两种方法所得微量脂肪酸种类存在差异,方法1共检测到13种,其中微量脂肪酸7种,而方法2能检测到17种,其中微量脂肪酸11种。与φ(硫酸)=1%的甲醇溶液酯化法相比,酸碱结合甲酯化法所得脂肪酸成分更为全面。