纳米悬浮液热虹吸管的传热性能试验研究

在相同的试验条件下,对比研究了纳米CuO-去离子水(DW)悬浮液重力热管与普通DW重力热管的启动性和等温性,研究了纳米工质热管的充液率和颗粒浓度对热管工作特性的影响,对纳米工质热管的强化传热机理进行了初步探讨。研究表明:纳米工质热管比普通热管启动快;纳米工质热管蒸发段外壁温的高低与充液率、纳米浓度和加热条件有关;纳米颗粒浓度和充液率对热管的传热性能影响较大,且存在最佳浓度(本研究为5%)和最佳充液率(本研究为44.3%);高浓度纳米工质热管比普通DW重力热管易于达到传热极限;试验中纳米悬浮液重力热管的传热强化率为16.19%～146.27%。     

两相闭式热虹吸管启动性能试验研究

本文对大长径比两相闭式热虹吸管进行了试验研究。分析了启动过程热管轴向温度分布,部分热管在蒸发段采用了强化传热技术,结果显示：热管的启动性能与工质充液量、热管初始状态以及热管内的强化传热技术关系密切。     

氧化石墨烯脉动热管传热性能实验研究

通过实验研究以氧化石墨烯分散液为工质的脉动热管的传热性能。实验采用1mg/m L的氧化石墨烯分散液,所得结果与以去离子水为工质的脉动热管传热性能进行比较发现:氧化石墨烯对以去离子水为工质的脉动热管传热性能具有强化作用,但是和脉动热管的加热功率密切相关。在加热功率低于20 W时,氧化石墨烯对脉动热管的强化作用较弱;当加热功率在30~60 W时,氧化石墨烯对脉动热管的强化作用较强,在3.71%~11.33%之间,且强化作用随加热功率的增大呈逐渐增强趋势;但随着功率继续增大,氧化石墨烯的强化作用逐渐减弱,当加热功率达到80 W后,热管传热性能减弱,原因可能是氧化石墨烯颗粒出现了沉降现象。     

水基纳米流体在铜丝平板热管中的应用

对使用三种水基纳米流体作为工质的铜丝平板热管的传热特性进行了实验研究.使用的纳米流体分别是平均粒径20 nm的Cu纳米颗粒、平均粒径50 nm的Cu纳米颗粒和平均粒径50 nm的CuO纳米颗粒的水基悬浮液(简称水基20 nm Cu、50 nm Cu、50 nm CuO纳米流体),着重分析了纳米流体种类,纳米颗粒质量分数、运行温度或工作压力对热管传热特性的影响.研究结果表明,使用纳米流体作为工质可以显著提高热管的传热特性;在不同运行温度条件下,不同的纳米流体均在质量分数1.0％时具有最佳传热效果;纳米流体是一种适用于铜丝平板热管的新型工质.     

四氧化三铁纳米流体强化热管换热的实验研究

通过实验研究四氧化三铁（Fe3O4）纳米流体重力热管的传热性能。在不同输入功率、不同充液率、不同纳米流体质量浓度的工况下测试热管的外壁温度,再理论计算其等效对流传热系数、热阻。结果表明：当充液率为50%,输入功率为40W时,水基液重力热管和纳米流体重力热管都有最高的等效对流传热系数,并且纳米流体质量浓度为1%时,重力热管具有最高的等效对流传热系数5455.4 W.m-2.K-1,较水基液重力热管最多可增大79.1%。四氧化三铁纳米流体运用于重力热管可以有效减小其热阻、强化其传热性能。     

重力热管单线内螺纹分布强化换热实验研究

采用实验方法,研究了不同的内螺纹分布和油浴温度等因素对热管换热特性的影响。实验选用的热管材料为紫铜,外径16 mm,壁厚3 mm,长度为200 mm,传热工质为水,充液率为20%。实验结果表明:在同一油浴温度下,内螺纹重力管的启动特性要优于光滑重力热管。对比不同油浴温度下,布置内螺纹能够有效地降低热管的工作温度。实验选型的内螺纹仅布置在蒸发段不会提高热管的换热系数,而在绝热段和冷凝段布置内螺纹则能够使换热系数显著提升,且随油浴温度的增加,换热系数线性增加。     

基于表征测量的太阳能重力热管传热性能测定与优化研究

依据《GB/T 24767—2009太阳能重力热管》进行基于表征测量的太阳能重力热管传热性能测定与优化研究,主要工作包括建立表征数据与太阳能重力热管传热性能关系模型,搭建相应检测装置,通过实际检测结果比对进行模型的验证,并根据检测结果提出相应的重力热管技术优化方法。测试结果表明,检测装置能够测量得到传热性能计算所需表征数据,操作简单,测试精度达到标准要求,为太阳能重力热管的出厂检测提供符合国家标准的检测方法和检测装置。     

重力热管内部相变及传热传质过程的数值模拟

重力热管内部包含复杂的两相流动以及相变传热过程,传统理论分析及实验手段不能直观给出其内部流动、相变、热质传递的详细信息。采用VOF(volume of fluid)多相流模型对重力热管内气液两相流动及传热进行模拟,捕捉到蒸发段气泡产生、合并、长大、上升,以及冷凝段壁面附近液滴形成、合并、下滑、汇集到液池的全过程,得到的壁温分布与实验测量值对比体现良好一致性,表明数值模拟的正确性。同时,以热阻、传热量和热效率为评价标准,研究不同充液率和倾斜角度下对重力热管运行性能的影响。结果表明:在所研究的参数范围内,随着充液率的增加,热阻逐渐减小,冷凝段传热量逐渐增大。且工质初始充注量充满蒸发段时热管性能较好;倾角对热阻的影响不明显,冷凝段传热量和热效率均随倾角增加而增长。     

以R32和R245fa为工质的重力热管传热特性

对以R32和R245fa为工质的长3m、管内径为40mm、管外径为44mm的重力热管开展了传热性能实验研究。热源为恒温水浴,冷源为固定进口温度和流量的冷水。实验得出了不同热源温度下的热管传热负荷、工质蒸发换热系数和冷凝换热系数,并与经典拟合公式的预测值进行了对比。实验分析对比表明,R32更适宜工作在热源温度为常温到50℃的工况,R245fa更适合工作在50~100℃的热管工况。     

氧化石墨烯对脉动热管传热性能的影响

实验选用外径为4mm、内径为2mm的铜质脉动热管研究了氧化石墨烯对以去离子水和体积分数为50%的乙醇溶液为工质的脉动热管传热性能的影响。实验分别采用加有少量氧化石墨烯的去离子水溶液(简称氧化石墨烯水溶液)和体积分数为50%的乙醇溶液(简称氧化石墨烯乙醇溶液),氧化石墨烯质量分数均为0.03%。实验发现：氧化石墨烯对以去离子水为工质的脉动热管传热性能具有强化作用,对以体积分数为50%的乙醇溶液为工质的脉动热管传热性能的影响较差,但都和脉动热管的加热功率密切相关。对于以去离子水为工质的脉动热管,在加热功率低于20W时,氧化石墨烯对脉动热管的强化作用较弱；当加热功率在30～60W之间时,氧化石墨烯对脉动热管的强化作用较强,在3.71～11.33%之间,且强化作用随加热功率的增大呈逐渐增强趋势；但随着功率继续增大,氧化石墨烯的强化作用逐渐减弱,当加热功率达到80W后,热管传热性能减弱,原因可能是氧化石墨烯颗粒出现了沉降现象。     

Nucleate boiling in two types of vertical narrow channels

To explore the mechanism of boiling bubble dynamics in narrow channels, we investigate 2-mm wide I- and Z-shaped channels. The influence of wall contact angle on bubble generation and growth is studied using numerical simulation. The relationships between different channel shapes and the pressure drop are also examined, taking into account the effects of gravity, surface tension, and wall adhesion. The wall contact angle imposes considerable influence over the morphology of bubbles. The smaller the wall contact angle, the rounder the bubbles, and the less time the bubbles take to depart from the wall. Otherwise, the bubbles experience more difficulty in departure. Variations in the contact angle also affect the heat transfer coefficient. The greater the wall contact angle, the larger the bubble-covered area. Therefore, wall thermal resistance increases, bubble nucleation is suppressed, and the heat transfer coefficient is lowered. The role of surface tension in boiling heat transfer is considerably more important than that of gravity in narrow channels. The generation of bubbles dramatically disturbs the boundary layer, and the bubble bottom micro-layer can enhance heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient of Z-shaped channels is larger than that of the I-shaped type, and the pressure drop of the former is clearly higher.     

Bubble induced heat transfer in two phase gas-liquid flow

The influence of gas bubbles on heat transfer in two phase gas-liquid systems has been investigated. Platinum wires have been used as heat-transfer probes and the two phase flow has been simulated by generating a single continuous stream of discrete gas bubbles into a stationary liquid. The contribution of various modes of heat transfer has been determined. It has been found that transient conduction into the liquid is the predominant mode of the bubble induced heat transfer and is responsible for about 75 per cent of heat transfer. Convection contributes the remainder. A theoretical model of the bubble induced heat transfer based on the surface renewal and penetration theory has been developed.     

Analysis of vapor–gas bubbles in a single artery heat pipe

The noncondensable gas supported bubbles in an arterial heat pipe are studied. The governing conservation equations are solved to study the growth/collapse of spherical bubbles under different conditions by using the finite element method. The criterion used in the design of the venting pores to prime the artery is explained. The diffusion-limited bubble collapse in the condenser and bubble growth due to the phase change in the evaporator are both studied. A theoretical explanation for the capability of venting bubbles under different scenarios is provided. The experimental results, including rapid startup and condenser cooldown, are also presented to prove the ability of the heat pipes to vent vapor–gas bubbles.     

Interaction of two cavitation bubbles in a tube and its effects on heat transfer

When two cavitation bubbles exist in a confined space, the interaction between the bubbles significantly affects the characteristics of bubble dynamic behaviors. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) model is established to study the growth and collapse of two cavitation bubbles in a heated tube and its effects on heat transfer. The liquid and gas phases throughout the calculation domain are solved by a set of Navier-Stokes equations. It is assumed that the gas inside the bubble is compressible vapor, and the surrounding liquid is incompressible water. The mass transfer between two phases is ignored. The calculated bubble profiles were compared to the available experimental data, and a good agreement has been achieved. Then, the relationship among the bubble motion, flow field and pressure distributions was analyzed. On this basis, the effects of bubble interaction on the heat transfer between the wall surface and sounding liquid were discussed. It is found that heat transfer in the centre wall region is enhanced owing to the vortex flow and micro-jet induced by the bubble contraction and collapse. In contrast, the highest surface temperature appears in the surrounding region, which is mainly attributed to the thermal resistance induced by the bubble. The present study is helpful to understand the heat transfer phenomenon with cavitation in the liquid.     

Heat transfer across interfaces of oscillating gas bubbles in liquids under acoustic excitation

Heat transfer across interfaces of oscillating gas bubbles in liquids is a fundamental issue of bubble dynamics with many applications. The current formulas in the literature relating with heat transfer are either too complex to be used for calculation or not valid for some regions of interest. In this communication, a group of formulas is proposed to predict heat transfer across bubble interfaces accurately for a wide range of parameters. An exact solution is used to validate the accuracy of the present formulas. Finally, energy dissipation during gas bubble oscillations in liquids through heat transfer is quantitatively compared with those through viscosity and acoustic radiation.     

Thermal effects on nonlinear radial oscillations of gas bubbles in liquids under acoustic excitation

Modeling of nonlinear radial oscillations of gas bubbles in liquids under acoustic excitation is an important subject for understanding of many acoustic bubble related phenomena (e.g., sonoluminescence, sonochemistry and sonoporation). In the present paper, numerical simulations of the oscillations of gas bubbles in liquids based on a more complete polytropic model are performed with heat transfer across bubble interfaces considered. By comparing with predictions given in the literature that using a constant polytropic exponent and ignoring energy dissipation through a heat transfer across bubble interfaces, our simulations reveal that the polytropic exponent and thermal dissipation mechanism significantly influence the predictions of nonlinear bubble behavior (e.g., locations and magnitudes of resonances, thresholds of subharmonics and ultraharmonics).     

一种新型微热管传热性能的实验研究

对一种新型的平板式微热管一零切角曲面微热管进行了实验研究。以热阻为基础,研究不同倾角、工质、充液比下微热管的热性能。为便于分析,将热管总热阻分解为4个部分：加热热阻、蒸发段热阻、冷凝段热阻和热沉热阻。通过实验得出如下结论：微热管总热阻的主要变化因素是冷凝段热阻和蒸发段热阻;与相应的无工质平板式换热器相比,实验件主要热阻变为热沉热阻．蒸发段和冷凝段热阻所占比例较低。根据不同的充液比和倾角。微热管传热极限分别由局部干烧和核态沸腾向膜态沸腾转化引起。实验表明。这种新型的微热管具有良好的应用前景,但是对于其机理还需要更深入的研究。     

Improvements of gravity assisted wickless heat pipes

The performance of conventional gravity assisted heat pipes and modified heat pipes with a separator in the adiabatic section is investigated experimentally. Heat pipes with a three layered wick in the evaporator section, in addition to the separator, are investigated. The performance of the modified heat pipes was compared to a reference gravity assisted heat pipe. Experiments were conducted on heat pipes of three lengths with a common diameter at constant evaporator and condenser lengths. The effect of varying the adiabatic length was, thus, investigated distinctly in normal heat pipes and in modified heat pipes with a separator. Water was employed as the working fluid in all heat pipes. The experimental program included five inclination angles and a heat flux range form 5 to 32 kW/m². The presence of the adiabatic separator caused a marked improvement in all heat pipes tested for all lengths and inclination angles. A pronounced reduction in heat pipe evaporator temperature was obtained, which is accompanied by an improvement in the heat transfer coefficient. A correlation was developed for prediction of the heat transfer coefficient for gravity assisted heat pipes with an adiabatic separator. The correlation took into consideration the effect of the varying adiabatic length. The correlation was in good agreement with the experimental data.     

表面活性剂对水工质超长重力热管传热性能的影响

超长重力热管是近年来被提出的用于干热岩地热能开采的一种新技术。该技术方案通过工质的沸腾-冷凝相变来进行热量传输从而在地面获得地下数千米深的热量,突破了常规热管的热力输运距离。表面活性剂能降低液体的表面张力,从而改变液体工质的沸腾特性,能在一定程度上提升常规热管的热力性能,但在超长重力热管中的作用仍有待研究。本文在自行搭建的超长重力热管实验系统（L = 40 m,D = 7 mm）中,以不同浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）水溶液为工质,研究了表面活性剂的加入对超长重力热管采热性能的影响。实验发现SDS的加入降低了热管的最佳注液量。纯水工质的最佳注液率为30%（注液高度为6 m）,随SDS浓度升高,最佳注液率降低至10%（注液高度为2 m）。实验还发现,SDS的影响在不同注液量条件下有很大区别:注液量较低（2 m）时,加入SDS后热管性能改善,随着SDS溶液浓度的升高,热管的采热性能提高;注液量较高（6 m）时,加入SDS后热管性能下降,随着SDS溶液浓度的增大,采热性能下降。分析热管测温点温度波动发现,加入SDS对不同注液高度工况的影响机制并不相同。注液量较低时,SDS的加入使得热管整体壁温下降,这可能和常规热管中一样,是由于沸腾相变更加剧烈,壁面润湿性提升,从而提高了热管的采热性能。但在注液量较高时,加入SDS后,温度波动幅度减小且沿高度迅速衰减,这可能是由于工质表面张力的降低,沸腾时气泡聚并减弱,热管工作时产生的间歇沸腾减弱或消失,导致超长重力热管的采热性能下降。因为间歇沸腾在一定程度上有利于降低热管注液段与外界环境的温差,减少散热。