环介导等温扩增技术检测酸奶中嗜酸乳杆菌

目的建立环介导等温扩增法(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测酸奶中嗜酸乳杆菌。方法以嗜酸乳杆菌16S r RNA保守区的基因序列为靶序列设计引物,优化建立LAMP反应体系和程序,并研究引物的特异性,同时确定嗜酸乳杆菌的灵敏度和检出限。结果本方法可通过凝胶电泳和离心后焦磷酸镁白色沉淀检测反应结果,检测时间为5.5 h,灵敏度为62 CFU/m L,人工污染酸奶样品的检出限为120 CFU/m L,12株非嗜酸乳杆菌细菌非特异检测结果均为100%。结论该方法灵敏性好、特异性强、操作简单、耗时短,可适合于酸奶中的嗜酸乳杆菌的快速测定。     

葡糖杆菌的SYBR Green Ι荧光定量PCR方法的建立

基于Gen Bank提供的葡糖杆菌的16S r RNA保守序列设计PCR引物,利用SYBR GreenΙ荧光定量PCR技术建立一种快速灵敏检测酸乳制品中葡糖杆菌的方法。用本研究建立的SYBR GreenΙ荧光PCR方法对3株葡糖杆菌以及18株非葡糖杆菌进行特异性检测,并用凝胶电泳验证其可靠性,结果显示,本研究所设计的引物具有良好的特异性。对扩增结束后的PCR产物进行溶解曲线分析,证实此引物的扩增产物存在引物二聚体,但可通过溶解曲线的出峰时间排除非特异性扩增。利用SYBR GreenΙ荧光定量PCR检测葡糖杆菌建立的标准曲线相关性良好,R2=0.9968,对葡糖杆菌进行灵敏度检测,最低检出限可达75 CFU/m L。利用该方法可成功检测出5份人工污染样品中的葡糖杆菌,研究表明,该方法灵敏度高、操作简便快捷,适用于酸乳制品的定量检测。     

乳酸菌饮料中嗜酸乳杆菌的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法

目的：为快速准确检测乳酸菌饮料中的嗜酸乳杆菌,建立实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测方法。方法：根据嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM的SPIDR保守区域设计特异性引物与探针,借助建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法进行特异性、灵敏度、重复性以及抗干扰能力验证,并利用模拟样品对方法进行检验,最后对市售的实际样品进行检测。结果：该方法的特异性较好;方法的绝对灵敏度达到3pg,相对灵敏度达103 CFU/mL;重复性检测表明相对标准偏差在2.6%以下。同时进行杂菌干扰实验,在纯基因组水平和培养物水平混合大肠杆菌,扩增均无明显影响,表明建立的方法抗干扰能力较好。利用建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法对模拟样品进行检测并建立标准曲线,得出R2为0.987,线性较好,可进行实际样品的检测。对市售的11 份样品进行检测,其中6 份含有嗜酸乳杆菌菌株,5份不含嗜酸乳杆菌菌株,标记嗜酸乳杆菌的样品全部检测出嗜酸乳杆菌且含量在5.83×102～3.68×104 CFU/mL之间。结论：建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法可快速、准确地检测出乳酸菌饮料中嗜酸乳杆菌。     

改良LAMP快速检测酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的 研究

建立改良环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的方法。以酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的16S r RNA基因保守区域设计4条特异性引物,优化反应体系,通过荧光曲线、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和白色沉淀判定扩增结果。同时,对LAMP引物特异性、灵敏度、检出限进行研究。LAMP法在61℃,60 min内完成酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的检测。2株酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌呈阳性结果,17株非酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌呈阴性结果,表明该种检测方法具有高特异性。检测纯菌灵敏度为7.2 CFU/m L,对人工污染苹果汁样品中酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的检出限是18 CFU/m L。LAMP法检测酸土脂环酸芽胞杆有操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强等优点,应用前景广阔。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测肉中沙门氏菌

应用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)建立了一种快速、高效、灵敏的肉中沙门氏菌的检测方法。针对沙门氏菌的属特异性基因inv A设计2对引物,对人工污染肉样以及实际肉样分别进行检测。结果表明:所建立的LAMP反应能够特异性的检测沙门氏菌,对沙门氏菌纯菌的检测灵敏度为普通PCR的100倍,可达到9.8×100CFU/m L。LAMP检测人工污染沙门氏菌肉样的检测限为9.8×101CFU/m L。因此,本实验利用LAMP建立的沙门氏菌检测方法具有快速、灵敏、特异、操作简便的特点,具有广泛发展前景。     

食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌DNA环介导恒温扩增快速检测方法的建立

基于单核细胞增生李斯特菌胞壁质水解酶iap基因,设计两对特异性引物,利用DNA环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术,以扩增副产物焦磷酸镁实时浊度为判定标准,建立食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌LAMP快速检测方法。结果显示,本LAMP方法特异性强,经过对29株细菌进行检测,所试单核细胞增生李斯特菌均为LAMP阳性,其他菌株为阴性;本LAMP方法对单核细胞增生李斯特菌纯培养菌的检测灵敏度为8CFU/管,对污染食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的检测灵敏度为12CFU/管。本研究建立的LAMP检测方法简便快速、结果判断直观。     

解旋酶恒温基因扩增方法快速检测酸乳中醋化醋杆菌

目的建立解旋酶恒温基因扩增方法(helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification,HDA)快速检测酸乳中醋化醋杆菌的分析方法。方法以醋化醋杆菌的16S-23S rRNA ITS序列为目的基因,设计一对特异性引物,优化反应条件UvrD helicase、T4 gp32的浓度,通过解旋酶恒温基因扩增方法直接检测酸乳中醋化醋杆菌,扩增产物通过电泳进行检测。结果 HDA法检测酸乳中醋化醋杆菌的特异性强,实验涉及的其他菌株均未发生扩增,只有醋化醋杆菌得到与设计序列长度一致的197 bp基因片段,方法检出限为3.6×10~1 CFU/g,实验条件优化后T4 gp32、UvrD helicase的终含量分别为4.0、0.15μg。结论该方法灵敏度较高,时间较短,为酸乳中醋化醋杆菌的检测提供了新的思路,同时也为其他食品污染菌的快速检测提供了借鉴意义。     

添加扩增内标的PCR方法快速检测食品中的阪崎克罗诺杆菌

为了解决常规PCR方法检测阪崎克罗诺杆菌时因检测过程中环境和食品理化因素的影响而导致的假阴性结果的产生,本研究以细菌16S rRNA基因为扩增内标对照,以阪崎克罗诺杆菌特异性基因grx B为靶基因设计了一对特异性引物,并通过优化PCR反应条件,最终建立了一种添加扩增内标的阪崎克罗诺杆菌PCR检测方法,可以指示PCR过程中因存在DNA聚合酶抑制剂而导致的假阴性结果。通过对20种细菌进行PCR检测显示,该方法对阪崎克罗诺杆菌具有良好的特异性。灵敏度实验结果表明,该检测方法对阪崎克罗诺菌纯DNA模板的检测灵敏度为2.15×102fg/μL,对阪崎克罗诺杆菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度为9.4×103CFU/m L。对人工污染婴幼儿奶粉的检测结果显示,阪崎克罗诺杆菌接种量为0.94 CFU/g的婴幼儿奶粉样品经过8 h增菌培养后,即可检出。食品样品检测结果表明,不添加扩增内标的PCR检测方法中出现的假阴性结果可被本方法检出。该检测方法特异性强、灵敏度较高,能消除阪崎克罗诺杆菌常规PCR检测方法中可能出现的假阴性结果,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉、乳制品等食品中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的快速检测。     

肉制品中蜡样芽胞杆菌实时荧光PCR检测方法的研究

根据蜡样芽胞杆菌肠毒素基因片段序列,用Primer express 3.0设计一对特异性引物和一个TaqMan探针,建立蜡样芽胞杆菌实时荧光PCR检测方法。通过对梯度含量的蜡样芽胞杆菌标准菌液样品DNA和多种细菌的DNA进行实时荧光PCR检测,来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。实验结果表明,只有蜡样芽胞杆菌产生扩增曲线,其他细菌无扩增,说明引物及TaqMan探针特异性较好,检测灵敏度为1×10~3CFU/m L。该方法具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.