基于k-ωSST模型的DES方法在空化流动计算中的应用

基于试验结果评价了基于k-ωSST两个方程的DES湍流模型在空化流动中的应用,分别计算了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化与Hydronautics型水翼超空化流动,获得了随时间变化的空穴形态与流场结构细节。通过与试验结果对比发现,DES方法对于高雷诺数的绕水翼空化流动的预测是合理的,可以准确地模拟出空穴形态的非定常特性和空泡团交替脱落的非定常细节。     

涂层对绕水翼云状空化的运动特性及动力特性影响的试验研究

采用多种试验技术方法讨论了不同涂层水翼云状空化的空穴形态、运动特性和动力特性。三种涂层分别为光滑环氧涂层(模型A)、光滑氟碳涂层(模型B)和表面粗糙氟碳涂层(模型C)。研究表明:(1)涂层的粗糙度和材质共同影响绕水翼云状空化流动特性;(2)不同涂层水翼的空穴形态不同:附着在模型A的空穴厚度更小,空穴长度随时间变化更快,空穴脱落周期更短。且模型A透明空穴区透明性更好,变化范围最小,模型B其次,模型C最大。(3)涂层影响云状空化运动特性:绕不同涂层水翼的局部低速区和涡量区位置的各不相同导致透明空泡堆积位置也不同,局部正涡量区位置的不同导致出现旋涡水汽混合区位置的差异,模型A的旋涡水汽混合区位置距离水翼头部最近,B其次,C最远;(4)与粗糙度相比,涂层材质对绕水翼云状空化的动力特性影响更为明显。不同涂层水翼升力系数急剧下降区不同,升力的主导频率也不同,但与云空化流动结构中空化的变化周期相一致,此外绕模型B空穴转变为云状空化的空化数比模型A、C的要小,因此模型B涂层能够抑制云状空化发生。     

不同温度水体空化水动力脉动特性的试验研究

为研究热力学效应对空化水动力脉动特性的影响,采用试验的方法研究温度为279 K、298 K和318 K时绕水翼的非定常空化流动特性。试验在闭式水洞中进行,采用高速摄影的方法观察不同温度下绕水翼的空穴形态,采用测力系统测量水翼受到的升阻力,并对升力信号进行频谱分析,得到水翼升力在非定常空化阶段的频率特征。结果表明,相同空化数条件下,随着温度的升高,平均升阻力系数降低,升力系数波动程度降低;温度对升阻力系数的影响随着空化数的升高而降低。在不同的空化发展阶段下,温度对升力系数影响的规律不同,空化形成和片状空化阶段,温度对升力系数影响较小;云状空化阶段,温度对升力系数影响较大。之所以出现上述规律是因为在同一空化数下,随着温度的升高,空化区域减小;而空化区域越大,温度对空化流动的影响则越大。     

绕水翼空化流场的数值模拟与试验研究

采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法研究绕水翼ys930的非定常空化流场结构,试验采用高速数码拍摄技术观察在10°攻角下的片状和云状空化随时间的结构变化;数值模拟针对应用较多的RNG k-二方程湍流模型做适当修正,分析片状空化及云状空化时的非定常空化流场结构、流动特性及空泡演化过程。结果表明,数值模拟得到的水翼空化流动现象和试验观察到的结果基本一致,验证计算模型和数值方法的可靠性;在片状空化阶段,空泡长度变化不明显,空穴尾部边界存在小幅度波动,空穴总体相对比较稳定;云状空化阶段,空穴分为两部分:一部分为空泡主体,稳定地附着在水翼吸力面上,随时间推移逐渐长大,达到最大空泡长度后出现回缩;另一部分为空泡附体,为周期性非定常汽液两相运动区域。云状空泡的形成和发展过程均伴有压力的波动,在一个空泡生长周期内,压力面压力系数几乎不受空泡变化的影响,吸力面压力系数在空化数的负值附近小幅度波动。     

FBM湍流模型在云状空化流动数值计算中的应用与评价

为评价一种基于滤波函数湍流模型在非定常空化流动计算中的应用,分别采用基于标准RNGk-ε的滤波器模型(Filter based model,FBM)、修正RNGk-ε模型、基于修正RNGk-ε的FBM模型对绕Clark-y翼型云状空化流动进行模拟,研究云状空化流动现象,获得了随时间变化的空化形态、压力场和升、阻力等流场和动力特性。通过与试验结果的对比发现,不同湍流模型的选取对计算所得的空穴长度、压力场和升阻力均有影响,而对流场动力特性的主要频谱分布影响不明显。采用基于修正RNGk-ε的FBM模型可更准确的模拟出云状空化形态与空化区尾部涡团交替脱落的非定常细节。     

791翼型非定常空化流动数值计算研究

采用DES湍流模型对791翼型在2°攻角及雷诺数为2.1×105的来流条件下,空化初生以及片状空化阶段三维非定常流动的结构进行了数值模拟,初步揭示了其流动特征。在空化初生阶段,空化初生的起始位置位于翼型最大厚度处,且展向外缘处的小空泡脱落呈周期性变化。片状空化空穴U型结构演变阶段,其空穴长度演变呈现出回缩-生长-回缩的明显特征。片状空化空泡脱落时,在指向翼型前缘发展的回射流和指向翼型展向中间截面的侧向射流相互耦合下,U型结构的两侧中部部分空泡开始脱离主体,向中间截面流动。U型结构两侧上的回射流是导致U型空穴回缩的主要原因。     

文丘里管空化流动的试验研究及动力学模态分解

已有空化研究侧重于空泡形态、漩涡脱落和压力脉动等方面,尚未开展空化流场动力学模态的研究。通过试验测量、数值模拟和动力学模态相结合,对文丘里管空化流动的流动结构及模态进行研究。试验测量获得文丘里管空化流动时空演变规律,得到空泡脱落周期为0.019 5 s。数值模拟采用质量输运空化模型,得到空泡脱落周期为0.02 s,与试验吻合较好,验证了数值模拟方法的准确性和可靠性。非定常流场表明,空泡与旋涡存在相互作用,反向射流引起了空泡脱落。应用动力学模态分解方法获得空化流场的动力学模态,结果表明四个主导模态频率与空化脱落频率存在倍数关系,频率较大的模态尺度较小。平均流场模态结果发现文丘里管喉部存在反向射流,其他三个模态揭示了空化发展和脱落的结构特征,并发现空化云向下游运动过程中对周围流体存在卷携作用。动力学模态分解能够准确捕捉空化流动中的主要动力学特征。     

水平轴海流机空化流动模拟

海流机是海流能利用的一种新形式,其空化性能的好坏直接影响到海流发电机组的安全和稳定运行。基于两相混合流模型对一模型水平轴海流机空化流动进行研究,得到不同空化数下的空泡形态及其性能曲线。数值模拟结果表明,采用数值计算方法能够有效地预测海流机的空化现象,计算得到模型海流机的初生空化数,空泡形态与试验结果相类似;海流机空化通常发生在近叶尖吸力面上,并随空化数的降低沿叶片展向和弦向变长;空化数相对较高时,空化出现在叶片弦向中间区域,随空化数降低向叶片尾缘发展;空化初生时,海流机性能没有明显改变;只有当空化数降低到一定程度时,海流机推力升高,输出功率下降,海流机性能恶化,实际运行中应当避免在此工况下运行。     

关于对称翼型气动特性数值模拟的研究

针对NACA0012、NACA0015、NACA0018这3种翼型的绕流流动,建立二维湍流模型,利用Fluent软件对翼型不同来流攻角下的气动特性进行数值模拟计算。湍流模型采用SST k-ω模型处理,得出雷诺数在0.82×106时翼型的升阻系数、升阻比随来流攻角的变化关系,并与相对应的翼型试验数据对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。结果表明,NACA0018翼型与其他2种翼型相比,具有较高的升力系数、升阻比和更好的失速性能。     

两栖混合驱动机器人单翼动力学分析与试验研究

为了实现足翼混合驱动两栖机器人水中高效、稳定浮游,开展了仿生水翼水动力分析与试验研究。首先针对非常规翼型的三维水翼进行结构简化,采用数值方法建立了单翼拍动水动力学模型,基于该模型分析了拍动周期、拍动幅值和拍动相位差等参数对水翼推进性能的影响;然后采用切片法,从翼尖轨迹特征、翼面压力分布以及尾涡脱落等角度,阐述了水翼水动力的产生机理;最后通过单翼水池试验,验证了所建立动力学模型的正确性。通过研究发现,水翼采用两自由度耦合拍动,摇翼和上下拍翼拍动相位差为1/4周期时,平均推力和平均升力达到最大;摇翼和上下拍翼拍动相位差为1/8周期时,推进效率最高;推进效率随拍动幅值增大而减小。     

Experimental Investigation on Cavitating Flow Shedding over an Axisymmetric Blunt Body

Nowadays,most researchers focus on the cavity shedding mechanisms of unsteady cavitating flows over different objects,such as 2D/3D hydrofoils,venturi-type section,axisymmetric bodies with different headforms,and so on.But few of them pay attention to the differences of cavity shedding modality under different cavitation numbers in unsteady cavitating flows over the same object.In the present study,two kinds of shedding patterns are investigated experimentally.A high speed camera system is used to observe the cavitating flows over an axisymmetric blunt body and the velocity fields are measured by a particle image velocimetry(PIV)technique in a water tunnel for different cavitation conditions.The U-type cavitating vortex shedding is observed in unsteady cavitating flows.When the cavitation number is 0.7,there is a large scale cavity rolling up and shedding,which cause the instability and dramatic fluctuation of the flows,while at cavitation number of 0.6,the detached cavities can be conjunct with the attached part to induce the break-off behavior again at the tail of the attached cavity,as a result,the final shedding is in the form of small scale cavity and keeps a relatively steady flow field.It is also found that the interaction between the re-entrant flow and the attached cavity plays an important role in the unsteady cavity shedding modality.When the attached cavity scale is insufficient to overcome the re-entrant flow,it deserves the large cavity rolling up and shedding just as that at cavitation number of 0.7.Otherwise,the re-entrant flow is defeated by large enough cavity to induce the cavity-combined process and small scale cavity vortexes shedding just as that of the cavitation number of0.6.This research shows the details of two different cavity shedding modalities which is worthful and meaningful for the further study of unsteady cavitation.     

Experimental and numerical research on cavitating flows around axisymmetric bodies

We investigated the cavitating flows around different axisymmetric bodies based on experiments and numerical simulation. In the numerical simulation, the multiphase Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) were solved via the commercial computational fluid dynamics code CFX. The modified k-ω SST turbulence model was used along with the transport equation-based cavitation model. In the experiments, a high-speed video technique was used to observe the unsteady cavitating flow patterns, and the dynamic force measurement system was used to measure the hydrodynamics of the axisymmetric bodies under different cavitation conditions. Results are shown for the hemisphere bodies, conical bodies and blunt bodies. Reasonable agreements were obtained between the computational and experimental results. The results show that for the hemispherical body, the cavity consists of quasi-steady transparent region and unsteady foggy water-vapor mixture region, which contains small-scale vortices and is dominated by bubble clusters, causing irregular disturbances at the cavity interfaces. The curvature at the front of the conical body is larger, resulting in that the flow separates at the shoulder of the axisymmetric body. The cavity stretches downstream and reaches to a fixed cavity length and shape. For blunt bodies, the incipient cavitation number is larger than that for the hemispherical body. A large cloud cavity is formed at the shoulder of the blunt body in the cores of vortices in high shear separation regions and the re-entrant jet does not significantly interact with the cavity interface when it moves upstream. As to the dynamic characteristics of unsteady cavitating flows around the axisymmetric bodies, the pulsation frequency for the hemispherical body is larger than that for the blunt body. For the hemispherical body, the pulsation is mainly caused by the high-frequency, small-scale shedding at the rear end of the cavity, while for the blunt body, the main factor for the pulsation frequency is the periodically shedding of large-scale vortex cavities.     

Assessment of a turbulence model for numerical predictions of sheet-cavitating flows in centrifugal pumps?

Various approaches have been developed for numerical predictions of unsteady cavitating turbulent flows. To verify the influence of a turbulence model on the simulation of unsteady attached sheet-cavitating flows in centrifugal pumps, two modified RNG k-? models (DCM and FBM) are implemented in ANSYS-CFX 13.0 by second development technology, so as to compare three widespread turbulence models in the same platform. The simulation has been executed and compared to experimental results for three different flow coefficients. For four operating conditions, qualitative comparisons are carried out between experimental and numerical cavitation patterns, which are visualized by a high-speed camera and depicted as isosurfaces of vapor volume fraction α _v = 0.1, respectively. The comparison results indicate that, for the development of the sheet attached cavities on the suction side of the impeller blades, the numerical results with different turbulence models are very close to each other and overestimate the experiment ones slightly. However, compared to the cavitation performance experimental curves, the numerical results have obvious difference: the prediction precision with the FBM is higher than the other two turbulence models. In addition, the loading distributions around the blade section at midspan are analyzed in detail. The research results suggest that, for numerical prediction of cavitating flows in centrifugal pumps, the turbulence model has little influence on the development of cavitation bubbles, but the advanced turbulence model can significantly improve the prediction precision of head coefficients and critical cavitation numbers.     

Detached-eddy simulation for time-dependent turbulent cavitating flows

The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS),such as the original k-ω two-equation closures,have been very popular in providing good prediction for a wide variety of flows with presently available computational resource.But for cavitating flows,the above equations noticeably over-predict turbulent production and hence effective viscosity.In this paper,the detached eddy simulation(DES) method for time-dependent turbulent cavitating flows is investigated.To assess the state-of-the-art of computational capabilities,different turbulence models including the widely used RANS model and DES model are conducted.Firstly,in order to investigate the grid dependency in computations,different grid sizes are adopted in the computation.Furthermore,the credibility of DES model is supported by the unsteady cavitating flows over a 2D hydrofoil.The results show that the DES model can effectively reduce the eddy viscosities.From the experimental validations regarding the force analysis,frequency and the unsteady cavity visualizations,more favorable agreement with experimental visualizations and measurements are obtained by DES model.DES model is better able to capture unsteady phenomena including cavity length and the resulting hydrodynamic characteristics,reproduces the time-averaged velocity quantitatively around the hydrofoil,and yields more acceptable and unsteady dynamics features.The DES model has shown to be effective in improving the overall predictive capability of unsteady cavitating flows.     

收缩-扩散型喷嘴内高速泡液流稳态解的分岔

空化水射流技术的关键是空化喷嘴 ,实验证明空化喷嘴出口形状对喷嘴的空化效果影响很大。对在具有收缩 扩散形状的喷嘴内高速泡液流稳态解的分析表明 :泡液流中很小的空隙率亦强烈地影响着其流动特性。当空隙率为临界值αc=1.895 993× 10 -4时 ,泡液流稳态解出现分岔现象。收缩 扩散型出口形状更利于喷嘴产生空化     

空化水喷丸工艺中空化行为的数值模拟与验证

空化水喷丸工艺是用于金属材料表面改性的一项新技术,该工艺中的空化行为涉及高速、高压、相变、湍流、非定常特性等复杂多变情况,对该工艺中的空化行为及冲击压力场分布规律的探索一直是该领域的重点和难点。利用FLUNET6.3流体计算软件对淹没式空化射流中喷嘴内外的流场特性进行模拟分析,获得流场内的速度、静压和汽含率分布规律,同时使用Fujifilm压敏纸对空化水喷丸工艺中沿空化射流方向上的冲击压力场的分布规律进行试验测定。研究结果表明空化水喷丸工艺中的淹没式空化射流在缩放型喷嘴内外形成剧烈的空化现象,空泡群溃灭瞬间产生的冲击波压力高达300 MPa以上。     

Numerical investigations on cavitating flows with thermodynamic effects in a diffuser-type centrifugal pump

A cavitation model with thermodynamic effects for cavitating flows in a diffuser-type centrifugal pump is developed based on the bubble two-phase flow model. The proposed cavitation model includes mass, momentum, and energy transportations according to the thermodynamic mechanism of cavitation. Numerical simulations are conducted inside the entire passage of the centrifugal pump by using the proposed cavitation model and the renormalization group-based k-? turbulent model coupled with the energy transportation equation. By using the commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT 6.3, we have shown that the predicted performance characteristics of the pump, as well as the pressure, vapor, and density distributions in the impeller, agree well with that calculated by the full cavitation model. Simulation results show that cavitation initially occurs slightly behind the inlet of the blade suction surface, i.e., the area with maximum vapor concentration and minimum pressure. The predicted temperature field shows that the reduction in temperature restrains the growth of cavitating bubbles. Therefore, the thermodynamic effect should be treated as a necessary factor in cavitation models. Comparison results validate the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical technique in simulating cavitation flows in centrifugal pumps.     

Numerical investigation of three-dimensional cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuations around a twisted hydrofoil

Unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around a twisted hydrofoil was analyzed to illustrate the physical mechanism of the cavitygenerated pressure fluctuations. The numerical simulations of cavitating flow were based on the Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) method and a mass transfer cavitation model. The validity of PANS model has been evaluated and confirmed in cavitation simulations by present authors using three different cases, 2D hydrofoil (Ji et al. 2012 [37]), 3D hydrofoil (Ji et al. 2013 [31]) and marine propeller (Ji et al. 2012 [38]), which shows that the PANS model with f _k = 0.2 and f _ε = 1 can obtain more accurate estimates of unsteady cavitating flows with large-scale fluctuations at a reasonable cost. In present paper we intended to shed light on the physical process responsible for the pressure fluctuations excited by cavitation. The cavity volume was analyzed to illustrate the relationship between the cavitation evolution and the pressure fluctuations. The results show that the cavity volumetric acceleration curve tracks remarkably well with the main features of the time-dependent pressure fluctuations except for the high frequency component. Thus, the cavity volumetric acceleration is the main source of the excited pressure fluctuations by cavitation. It is noted that the cavitation induced pressure fluctuations are transmitted along the suction surface of the hydrofoil and are synchronized with those on the pressure surface at the midplane of the twisted hydrofoil. Further, the pressure fluctuations on the pressure surface decrease towards the center from both the leading and trailing edges of the hydrofoil, with a minimum at 60% chord length from the leading edge.     

轴流式水轮机全流道内非定常空化湍流的数值模拟

为了研究轴流式水轮机内部的空化流动,将Fluent 6．1商用软件中的一种完整空化模型和一种混合流体两相流模型相结合,对某水电站原型轴流式水轮机全流道内的非定常空化湍流进行了数值模拟。根据模拟结果,预测了水轮机在特定工况下运行时流道内空化发生的部位和程度,并对水轮机的能量性能进行了预估。数值预测的空化流动现象与模型水轮机空化试验中所观察到的现象基本一致,说明数值模拟结果可为轴流式水轮机的运行性能预测提供参考。     

NUMERICAL VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR SHEET CAVITATING FLOWS

A computational modeling for the sheet cavitating flows is presented. The cavitation model is implemented in a viscous Navier-Stokes solver. The cavity interface and shape are determined using an iterative procedure matching the cavity surface to a constant pressure boundary. The pressure distribution, as well as its gradient on the wall, is taken into account in updating the cavity shape iteratively. Numerical computations are performed for the sheet cavitating flows at a range of cavitation numbers across the hemispheric headform/cylinder body with different grid numbers. The influence of the relaxation factor in the cavity shape updating scheme for the algorithm accuracy and reliability is conducted through comparison with other two cavity shape updating numerical schemes. The results obtained are reasonable and the iterative procedure of cavity shape updating is quite stable, which demonstrate the superiority of the proposed cavitation model and algorithms.