黑曲霉表面展示南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B催化仲醇动力学拆分

光学活性仲醇是合成多种生物活性化合物的原料和关键中间体,微生物细胞表面展示酶在生物催化和生物转化制备生化产品等方面表现出良好的应用性。研究了黑曲霉表面展示南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)制备的全细胞催化剂(AN-CALB)动力学拆分仲醇的催化性能。以2-辛醇作为反应底物,研究了酰基供体、2-辛醇与乙酸异丙烯酯物质的量比、AN-CALB添加量、水活度、温度及溶剂对AN-CALB催化2-辛醇拆分的影响,确定最优反应条件为:以乙酸异丙烯酯为酰基供体、2-辛醇与乙酸异丙烯酯物质的量比1∶1、AN-CALB添加量50 g·L-1、水活度0.11、温度45℃、以甲苯为溶剂,在此条件下,反应12 h的底物转化率达47.4%,eep值为99.6%,E值大于600。在最优反应条件下,AN-CALB对8种仲醇均表现出较好的拆分效果,底物转化率最高接近50%。该研究为仲醇动力学拆分提供了新的催化剂选择。     

有机相中脂肪酶催化转酯化反应动力学拆分左旋帕罗醇

研究了在有机相中脂肪酶催化转酯化反应动力学拆分左旋帕罗醇,考察了酶种类、溶剂、酰基供体、温度、底物与酰基供体摩尔比等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:以Novozym 435为催化剂,在30℃下,以乙腈为反应溶剂,乙酸乙烯酯为酰基供体,底物浓度40mmol/L及其与酰基供体摩尔比为1:8时,反应8h后,底物转化率为48.1%,ee_s为53.3%,E值为6.20。     

有机碱在脂肪酶Candida antarctica B催化仲醇拆分中的促进作用

以离子液体[bm im]PF6为反应溶剂,乙酸乙烯酯为酰基供体,考察了脂肪酶Candida antarcticaB催化外消旋仲醇的动力学拆分。主要考察了有机碱和无机碱对拆分反应的影响,结果发现,在反应底物中加入三乙胺或吡啶,能够极大地提高脂肪酶的活性和对映选择性,当底物邻甲氧基-α-苯乙醇和1-(2-萘基)乙醇在拆分时加入吡啶后,脂肪酶的对映选择性是未加入有机碱时的5~8倍,分别从E=65提高到E=525和从E=209提高到E=1 059,因此,可高对映选择性地获得邻甲氧基-α-苯乙醇和1-(2-萘基)乙醇的手性单体。随着吡啶加入量的增加,脂肪酶的对映选择性有所下降,因此,有机碱的最佳加入量为0.01 mol,原因可能是在该加入量下,脂肪酶达到了最佳pH,即处于活性构象,从而具有较高的活性和对映选择性。     

动力学拆分制备（R）-3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙醇

通过动力学拆分方法,由3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙酮出发,经过 NaBH4还原,制备得到高纯度消旋化的(R,S)-3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙醇。经过筛选得到2种高效高选择性动力学拆分(R,S)-3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙醇的脂肪酶：Novozym 435和Rhizopus arrhizus。以Rhizopus arrhizus作为实验脂肪酶,考察了影响其动力学拆分的因素,包括溶剂、反应温度和底物浓度,获得最佳的反应条件为：正己烷作为溶剂,40℃下反应,底物浓度为100 mmol/L。在最佳的条件下,以乙酸乙烯酯作为酰基供体进行动力学拆分反应,经过后期的分离纯化,成功制备得到了e.e.值接近100%的(R)-3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙醇。     

离子液体中酶催化的脂肪胺的不对称酰基化反应

以离子液体为酶促不对称酰基化反应介质,对脂肪胺进行了手性拆分。催化剂为Novozym 435,200mg;酰基供体为甲氧基乙酸甲酯,420 mg,4 mmol;反应在20 mL离子液体[bmim]BF4中进行,反应温度为50℃。目标化合物的转化率和ee值分别为42.6%和99%。该方法还可以用于其它脂肪胺类化合物的手性拆分。     

酰基供体对动态动力学拆分1-四氢萘胺的影响

采用新型消旋催化剂耦合Novozym 435成功构建1-四氢萘胺的动态动力学拆分体系用于制备光学纯(R)-1-四氢萘胺。该反应存在着自催化酰胺化反应,会降低反应的对映体选择性。从改变酰基供体结构的角度出发来抑制这种自催化酰胺化反应,考察了不同酸部以及不同醇部的酰基供体对1-四氢萘胺动态动力学拆分反应的影响,发现随着酰基供体结构变得复杂,1-四氢萘胺动态动力学拆分反应结果也相应变得越好,当采用戊酸对氯苯酯作为酰基供体时,动态动力学拆分反应结果就可达到最佳,即转化率>99%,光学纯度eeP>99%。     

生物法制备手性仲醇化合物

手性仲醇是重要的手性化合物,从生物法制备手性仲醇的角度,综述了酶催化不对称合成、细胞催化不对称合成和酶催化拆分的特点,同时以2-辛醇、苯乙醇等仲醇为例进行深入讨论,展望了该领域未来的发展前景。     

2-烯丙基-4-羟基-2-环戊烯酮的脂肪酶动力学拆分

2-烯丙基-4-羟基-2-环戊烯酮是合成前列腺素PGI1的关键中间体,具有重要的药用价值。该文用改进的方法合成了(±)-2-烯丙基-4-羟基-2-环戊烯酮,总收率27%,用脂肪酶对其进行动力学拆分,得到光学纯的(S)-环戊烯酮醇。结果表明,猪胰脂肪酶具有最佳的拆分效果。以乙酸乙烯酯同时作为溶剂和酰化供体,在25℃,m(酶)∶m(醇)=1.5∶1条件下,环戊烯酮醇的转化率为50.2%,(S)-醇的ee值为58.9%。采用同样条件进行二次酶动力学拆分,得到ee值>98%的手性烯酮醇,总拆分收率23%。     

无溶剂体系中固定化脂肪酶催化合成香茅醇酯

在无溶剂体系中以大孔树脂NKA吸附固定的褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶(Candida rugosalipase)为催化剂,以脂肪酸为酰基供体,酶法合成香茅醇脂肪酸酯。考察了褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶对酰基供体的选择性,以及反应温度、摇床转速、酶用量、底物比例及微量水添加等对酯化反应的影响,建立了无溶剂中香茅醇酯的酶法合成工艺。研究表明,在酸醇物质的量比为1,摇床转速为200 r/min,固定化酶用量为1250 U/L,反应温度为50℃,微量水添加量为4μL的条件下,反应10h,月桂酸香茅酯及油酸香茅酯的转化率分别可达95.6%和87.6%,明显高于在有机溶剂体系中的酯化率。     

(1R, 2R)-反式环己烷二甲酸的合成工艺

以六氢苯酐为原料,采用顺反异构化反应合成反式-1,2-环己烷二甲酸;然后,选用较为廉价的R-(+)-α-甲基苄胺(R-PEA)作为拆分剂,通过手性拆分、酸化合成(1R,2R)-反式环己烷二甲酸。探讨了催化剂种类、反应温度和反应时间对产品顺反式比例的影响;同时考察了溶剂种类和用量对手性拆分效果的影响。反式-1,2-环己烷二甲酸的最优合成工艺条件为:硫酸为催化剂,反应温度120℃以上,反应时间12 h左右,在该反应条件下产品收率为80%;采用1HNMR测定了产物中反式质量分数为99.3%;最佳手性拆分条件为:甲醇作溶剂,n(反式-1,2-环己烷二甲酸)∶n(R-PEA)=1∶1,每10 g反式-1,2-环己烷二甲酸加入30 mL甲醇,在该反应条件下(1R,2R)-反式环己烷二甲酸·(R)-PEA盐的收率可达38%;经过酸化后得到(1R,2R)-反式环己烷二甲酸,酸化收率为85%;采用手性柱HPLC测定了目标产物的光学纯度(ee值)为98.48%。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。