竖直射流火撞击障碍管道数值模拟分析

当前对于竖直向上屏障射流火的研究大多集中于顶棚射流,对于竖直向上射流火羽流撞击管道的研究相对较少。为研究竖直向上射流火羽流撞击管道的特征演化行为,基于燃烧学及流体力学基本原理,运用Fluent数值模拟软件,通过控制变量法对不同热释放速率、障碍管道直径及管壁-火源间距因素进行探究。研究表明障碍管道直径和管壁-火源间距对火焰高度和宽度均有一定程度的影响,且得到了基于Froude数的无量纲火焰高度表征模型。     

竖直射流火撞击障碍管道数值模拟分析

当前对于竖直向上屏障射流火的研究大多集中于顶棚射流,对于竖直向上射流火羽流撞击管道的研究相对较少。为研究竖直向上射流火羽流撞击管道的特征演化行为,基于燃烧学及流体力学基本原理,运用Fluent数值模拟软件,通过控制变量法对不同热释放速率、障碍管道直径及管壁-火源间距因素进行探究。研究表明障碍管道直径和管壁-火源间距对火焰高度和宽度均有一定程度的影响,且得到了基于Froude数的无量纲火焰高度表征模型。     

储罐壁面限制条件下喷射火火焰行为

高压燃气储罐泄漏极易诱发喷射火。通过搭建储罐壁面限制条件下不同喷射角度的喷射火实验装置,对近喷口流场受限的喷射火进行了系统研究,并验证了装置测试的可重复性。实验结果表明,储罐壁面限制条件下推举高度小于自由射流的推举高度,并通过数值模拟分析了两种空间条件下空气卷吸流场的差异性,从而物理解释了储罐壁面限制条件对推举高度的影响。两种空间条件下火焰长度都随喷射角度的增加而减小,但自由垂直射流的火焰长度小于储罐壁面限制条件下的火焰长度。火焰行为由浮力控制转为动量控制的临界Froude数与喷射角度和空间限制条件无关。研究还发现,与自由射流相比,储罐壁面的阻塞效应会降低火焰的推举速度,提高火焰的吹熄速度。     

换火周期与熔窑火焰温度波动

在熔窑换火周期内，随着格子体温度的降低，预热空气温度和火焰温度随之降低，通过分析李赫特式格子体蓄热室热交换，计算出格子体体积、换火周期与预热空气温度和火焰温度波动值之间的对应关系，结论指出，要使火焰温度稳定，除了格子体应有足够大的体积，还应该有恰当的换火周期。     

气固射流扩散火焰形态研究

利用文丘里效应,自行设计气固射流扩散火焰（气固喷射火）实验装置,分别采用147 μm和178 μm两种粒径均匀的白色石英砂以近似恒定速率卷吸入火焰中,来研究固体颗粒对火焰形态的影响,特别地,通过关闭侧面进砂口所形成的气态射流扩散火焰（气态喷射火）与之相比较。理论分析和实验结果表明,砂子进入火焰中会降低火焰温度,并且粒径为147 μm的砂子进入火焰的质量大于178 μm砂子,导致小粒径气固喷射火具有更低的火焰温度,从而具有更低的层流燃烧速度和更大的火焰Froude数,最终使其具有更高的推举高度和火焰高度。对比分析气固喷射火和气态喷射火实验结果,也表明固体颗粒对火焰温度的冷却作用导致气固喷射火更容易产生推举现象并具有更高的火焰高度。     

航空煤油不同尺寸池火热流及温度特性研究

为研究航空煤油池火燃烧过程中热流与温度特性，搭建了油料燃烧模拟实验台架。通过分析实验图像与数据，发现航空煤油池火辐射热通量随径向距离和高度的增大逐渐减小，其中辐射热通量对高度增加更为敏感，随高度升高下降幅度更快；热辐射先于热对流达到强度最大值，随后在稳定燃烧阶段后期热对流强度存在跃升现象，强度超过热辐射强度，成为该阶段主要传热方式；航空煤油池火中心线上，下部区域火焰连续燃烧、氧气浓度低，上部区域油火卷吸空气、氧气浓度较高，是导致不同高度最高温度到达时刻不同的主要原因；对不同尺寸油池火来说，其热通量峰值随着油池尺寸增大而增大，同时方形油池热通量峰值显著高于圆形油池。     

倾斜角对液体燃料润湿条件下砂床表面火蔓延的影响

利用纹影系统、CCD相机以及K型热电偶对正丁醇润湿条件下不同角度的砂床表面火蔓延特性进行了研究,分析了不同砂床表面倾角对火蔓延的影响机理。研究结果表明:正丁醇润湿条件下变角度砂床表面火焰是稳定匀速蔓延的,向上蔓延时,火焰的高度、黄色发光区以及蔓延速度随着倾角的增加而增大;向下蔓延时,火焰的高度、黄色发光区以及蔓延速度随着倾角的增加而减小;蔓延火焰前方存在预热区,且预热区随表面倾角的增大而增大:砂层内部存在热边界层,且砂床热边界层厚度随表面倾角的增加而减小。得到的火蔓延特性及燃烧机理为此类液体燃料的储存、使用以及环境保护提供了一定的科学依据。     

凹型结构下保温材料EPS典型垂直火蔓延特性对比研究

本工作通过自主搭建小尺寸火蔓延的实验平台,研究了凹型结构中保温材料EPS垂直向上和向下火蔓延特性。对比分析了火焰结构特性、火蔓延速度、质量损失速率、火焰温度等参数的变化规律。结果表明,在垂直向上蔓延过程中,EPS出现短暂的停滞现象。一方面由于烟囱效应易形成一个大的浮力压力差,导致火焰不稳定性;另一方面由于凹型结构易于烟气的聚集,导致燃烧不充分。而在垂直向下蔓延过程中,由于逆向烟囱效应的影响,火蔓延速度明显加速。火蔓延过程中质量损失速率,很大程度上受其火焰高度的影响,呈现上下振荡的特性。未燃区域部分,火焰温度经历两个温度峰值,向上蔓延过程中第一个温度峰值大于第二个;而向下蔓延过程中第一个温度峰值小于第二个。这主要是由于火焰结构形态及烟囱效应的方向特点,导致产生两个不同大小的峰值。本研究结果可为实际凹型结构下火蔓延特性研究提供前期理论和参考价值。     

点火位置对乳胶泡沫水平火蔓延规律的影响

为研究点火位置对乳胶泡沫材料水平方向火蔓延规律的影响。搭建小尺寸实验平台,在距离材料中心点0（x1）、3.54 cm（x2）、7.08 cm（x3）、10.62 cm（x4）、14.16 cm（x5）、17.70 cm（x6）位置处点火,研究了试样表面温度、质量损失、火焰高度、火蔓延速度等特性参数的变化规律。结果表明,随着点火位置由材料中心点向边缘点移动,平均火蔓延速度分别为0.24、0.23、0.19、0.31、0.42、0.51 cm·s^-1,呈现先减小后增大的规律;x3点火位置时的平均火焰高度较低,燃烧时间较长,平均质量损失速率较低,主要与火蔓延过程中的热量传递方式有关。研究结果显示了乳胶泡沫的火蔓延过程,得到了点火位置对火蔓延的影响规律。     

钢筋混凝土梁承受火害的性能研究

本研究旨在探讨两座梁柱复合构件于火害情况下梁的变形行为.柱为三面受火,一座试体(BNC1)使用普通混凝土,另一座(BSC1)使用自充填混凝土,进行高温试验,探讨梁于服务载重作用下,在升温及冷却过程中,钢筋混凝土梁承受火害整体变形情形及其性能,并待高温试验后进行残余强度试验,并探讨其变形.     

Experimental research on the burning behavior of dragon juniper tree

Tree crown fire is one of the extreme fire behaviors in the wildland‐urban interface. This paper presents an experimental study on the burning behaviors of single and triple dragon juniper trees. The mass loss, flame height, plume temperature, radiation, and fire interaction are measured. It is found that the foliage moisture content and flame mergence dominate the mass consumed percentage (defined as the ratio of the total mass loss to initially total mass), while the tree crown height and flame mergence determine the flame height. The peak mass loss rate is mainly affected by the moisture content and tree species. For triple tree fires, the peak mass loss rate is also affected by the spacing due to the coupled effects of heat feedback enhancement and air entrainment restriction. Results also show that the flame height significantly increases as the spacing decreases. The spacing holds a significant effect on the fire plume temperature distribution and thermal radiation field. Empirical correlations are also developed for the flame height, radial temperature, and radiant heat flux distribution based on physical interpretation of the tree burning behaviors.     

坑道限制条件下水平丙烷喷射火火焰行为研究

通过搭建坑道限制条件下小尺寸喷射火实验装置,模拟研究埋地管道泄漏场景中引发的水平喷射火火焰特性。火焰受坑道侧壁的限制,先撞击坑道而后沿着侧壁向上发展形成垂直火焰。实验结果表明,随着泄漏质量流量的增加,火焰长度先增加后减小,而火焰宽度不断增加。同时发现,在一定条件下火焰两侧会出现涡旋对,形成一对反向旋转的火焰,为了探究其形成原因及产生条件,结合数值模拟手段进一步研究了火焰流场不稳定性。     

Air Entrainment During Flame Aerosol Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Enclosed flames typically produce substantially larger particles than open flames under identical reactant flows and composition. The enclosure hinders air entrainment to the flame and reduces heat losses by radiation and convection, facilitating particle coagulation and coalescence. Here the effect of natural air entrainment on flame aerosol synthesis is investigated by lifting off the enclosing tube from the burner surface and utilizing tracer gas (Ne) analysis after calibration with forced air entrainment. That way the effect of air entrainment on product primary particle diameter and mobility size distribution dynamics is investigated by microscopy, scanning mobility particle sizing, and N₂ adsorption, while temperature is measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. So air entrainment during flame spray pyrolysis is examined here for its versatility in scalable manufacture of an array of material compositions, while copper oxide (CuO) is used for its electro-chemical applications (e.g., battery electrodes). It is shown that natural air entrainment facilitates rapid gas-to-particle conversion and high process yields by minimizing vortex recirculation and particle deposition on the enclosing tube walls and burner surface. For example, the average primary particle diameter of CuO can be controlled from 42 to 10 nm and the yield from 40 to 90% by gradually lifting off the enclosing tube, resulting in up to 250 L/min natural air entrainment at the present CuO synthesis conditions.

Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research     

A comparison of fire retarded and non‐fire retarded wood‐based wall linings exposed to fire in an enclosure

Full‐scale fire experiments were carried out in an ISO room to study the behaviour of commonly used cellulosic lining materials in real fire conditions. In addition to the temperature measurements recommended by the ISO 9705, temperature recordings were made at each node of grid lines on the wall lining surfaces. Four lining materials were chosen to represent different types of products and the surface spread of classifications determined using the BS 476 Part 7 flame spread test environment. The linings included fire retarded, melamine faced and non‐fire retarded boards which facilitated a comparative study of the behaviour of these materials with respect to ignition, flame spread, heat release rate and time to flashover. Corner fire scenarios were used in all the experiments. A T shape flame spread pattern on the surface of the two adjacent walls was observed prior to flashover. Prior to the onset of flashover conditions, downward opposed flow surface flame spread to the wall/ceiling intersection. For the non‐retarded wood based materials, such as plywood and medium density fibre board, flashover conditions occurred approximately 4 min after the start of the experiment. However, the fire retarded chipboard ignition was delayed by some 11 min 45 s after which flame spread was very rapid with flashover occurring within a further 1 min 45 s. An explanation for this particular behaviour is the considerable pre‐heating which occurred during the pre‐ignition period. For the fire retarded linings, much higher surface temperatures were recorded compared with those for non‐fire retarded linings. It was found that the areas of the fire retarded linings facing the source flame suffered extensive pyrolysis and charring which penetrated to the rear surface of the lining. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同宽度及密度的保温材料EPS的火焰蔓延及燃烧特性

对密度为18和25 kg/m3的保温材料模塑聚苯乙烯(EPS),在不同宽度下进行小尺寸燃烧特性实验,考察了池火区长度、火焰高度及火蔓延速度等. 结果表明,EPS火焰蔓延过程中,火焰形态包括典型形态、逆向形态及重合形态;宽度为8 cm的试样火焰蔓延稳定性较差,逆向形态及重合形态更多. 不同宽度、密度18 kg/m3的EPS的平均池火长度均大于密度25 kg/m3的EPS,主要是由于EPS密度越小其火蔓延速度越大. 密度18 kg/m3的EPS由于孔隙中空气的助燃作用,火蔓延速度约为密度25 kg/m3的EPS的2倍. EPS材料表面火焰区平均火焰高度主要受宽度影响,而池火区平均火焰高度主要受池火区长宽比影响.     

CFD modeling of gas entrainment in stirred tank systems

In the present work, CFD modeling was used to study the phenomenon of gas entrainment in stirred tank systems. Two types of impellers (DT, PBTD) were simulated. VOF method was used as surface tracking technique along with LES model to study interfacial behavior at the onset of gas entrainment. Simulations were performed to study cause of entrainment and underlying interfacial mechanism at the location of entrainment. CFD simulations clearly showed differences in onset and non onset conditions in terms of the magnitudes of interfacial turbulence. As per the predictions, phenomenon of surface aeration in stirred tank systems was characterized by exchange of momentum across the interface from water side to air side. Magnitudes of instantaneous axial velocities on air side, strain rates on air side and vorticities on air side exhibited a threshold at the onset of entrainment and reduced substantially after the onset.     

化工企业火灾爆炸事故的预防

化工生产过程中的原料及产品,一旦发生跑、冒、滴、漏现象,在外界不利的条件(如明火、静电、高温等)下,会引起火灾、爆炸等事故的发生。介绍了化工企业火灾爆炸事故的产生原因及预防措施。指出通过科学论证项目选址,合理规范布局,做好火源管理,增加保护装置,远离高温热体,保护好电气设备,严防摩擦、撞击、静电、雷电事故的发生等措施,使生产危险性降到最低,损失最少。     

虚拟现实技术在石化应急演练中的应用

基于虚拟现实技术、计算机图形技术、多媒体技术等高新技术手段,构建出逼真的三维虚拟场景,开发出基于网络的石化企业事故三维应急演练系统。不但可在三维虚拟场景中更真实直观地进行各种火灾、泄漏事故的应急响应演练与指挥训练,从而更加真实、形象地显示复杂的事故发生过程。同时,设计了数据库系统,实现了三维模型与后台数据库的双向查询功能,加强了企业设备的安全管理水平。