无外力渗透泵膜器件的选用

海洋是巨大资源宝库,其中海底气体水合物已成为引人注目的潜在能源资源。采用无外力渗透泵获取海底气体水合物是提供持续稳定采样动力的理想选择。作为无外力渗透泵的主要动力部件,文章对膜器件工作原理进行介绍,并对不同类型膜器件进行比较,通过实验选择无外力渗透泵使用的膜器件。     

一种深海质谱用超高压膜进样装置的设计与测试

为实现质谱技术在深海探测中的应用，本工作研制了一种能够耐受超高水压的膜进样装置，以解决在线质谱仪无法在高压海水环境中直接检测溶解气体的技术难题。该装置利用疏水膜的选择渗透性实现气体的直接进样，通过焊接工艺将多孔烧结棒、真空堵头和进样不锈钢管加工制成一体化进样结构，然后外套疏水膜，利用超高真空密封胶将膜与进样结构实现固定和密封，在40 MPa水压下工作超过了半个月。另外，将该进样装置应用于在线质谱系统，并针对不同压强、温度、流速下苯系物等的进样效率进行测试。     

现场检测质谱膜进样技术研究进展

在简单阐述了膜进样质谱的基本原理后,重点介绍了近年来现场检测质谱膜进样技术的研究进展,包括膜材料、膜结构及应用领域的进展。针对化学毒剂和有毒工业化学物质对现场检测质谱仪的要求,提出了设计膜进样系统时需要解决的问题。     

密闭循环气路高场非对称波形离子迁移率谱仪

设计了一种用于高场非对称波形离子迁移率谱仪(FAIMS)的密闭循环气路结构以及膜进样装置,研究了气路结构对图谱稳定性、高场非对称波形电压与载气流量对系统检测灵敏度、半透膜预富集对系统检测限的影响。密闭循环气路结构减小了系统体积,达到了无需空气源即可检测的目的,具有预富集功能的膜进样装置可降低系统对样品的检测限。在预富集模式下,系统对化学战剂模拟剂甲基磷酸二甲酯(DMMP)的检测限约为0.05 mg/m~3,该方法为痕量化学物质的现场快速检测提供了一种可行方案。     

变压器瓦斯气体快速分析及定性研究

瓦斯保护是变压器主保护之一,对瓦斯气体进行组分分析可迅速判断变压器瓦斯继电器动作后的运行状态。传统的瓦斯气体检测方法存在环节多、距离远,运输途中容易发生样品逸散的问题,导致检测结果偏差大。现介绍一种基于气相色谱分析原理的全自动变压器瓦斯气体快速分析装置,该装置通过模块化设计,运用低热容模块化微型设计、进样阀串接进样方法及微填充柱技术,可实现现场油绝缘电气设备带电取样快速分析,大大缩短瓦斯气体检测时间。实验结果表明,装置检测准确度高,具有较高的应用价值。     

基于膜连续进样和脉冲进样的便携式质谱进样技术研究

针对国产便携式质谱仪在维持真空条件下提高进样效率的问题,研究了膜连续进样和脉冲进样技术。利用实验室组装的膜连续进样和脉冲进样装置,使用二甲苯标气开展了在不同膜温、不同进样流量、不同脉冲频率条件下的进样实验;利用国内厂家生产的膜替换Hapsite用进样阀中的膜,在相同膜温和不同进样流量条件下对比分析了两种膜的性能。结果表明：提高膜温度、增大进样流量可以有效提高便携式质谱仪的离子流信号强度,缩短响应时间和减少峰拖尾现象;在膜温度不变的条件下,增大进样流量可以有效地缩小两种膜性能之间的差距;采用脉冲进样时,随着脉冲电压频率的增大,既可以有效地保持仪器的真空度,又可以提高离子流信号强度、缩短响应时间。     

基于叠型场线性离子阱的便携式质谱仪研制与应用

介绍了自行研制的基于叠型场线性离子阱的便携式质谱仪结构,以及初步的应用测试。该质谱仪的质量分析器采用叠型场线性离子阱,离子源采用辉光放电电子轰击电离源和介质阻挡放电离子源。仪器重10 kg,功耗低于100 W,体积33 cm×20 cm×20 cm,可以对气体、固体和液体进行检测。挥发性有机气体通过膜进样接口实现大气压直接进样,采用内置的辉光放电电子轰击电离源对其电离。介质阻挡放电离子源作为大气压离子源,通过非连续大气压接口实现质谱的大体积进样,及对枪击残留物DDU和去痛片等的快速检测。     

美国珀金埃尔默公司气相色谱系列仪器简介

1　ＡｕｔｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＸＬ气相色谱仪1955年ＰＥＲＫＩＮＥＬＭＥＲ公司推出世界上第一台商品化气相色谱仪 ,ＡｕｔｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＸＬ是ＰＥ公司最新一代气相色谱仪。仪器特点 :1)多种进样装置 ,可适合不同类型样品的注入。分流 /不分流可编程进样器 (ＰＳＳ)更是一种全能进样装置 ,可进行最多达 150微升的大体积进样 ,不仅简化了样品前处理过程 ,而且提高了灵敏度 ;2 )独一无二的中轴转动塔式自动进样器可在多种工作模式下使用 ,可任意设定进样口和进样速度 ;3)可编程全气路控制系统 (ＰＰＣ)可对最多 12路气体的压力 ,流量或线速度进…     

集束毛细管柱富集便携式光电离飞行时间质谱检测大气中苯系物

本研究利用集束毛细管柱研制了一种新型富集进样装置，并与便携式光电离飞行时间质谱(PI-TOF-MS)联用，实现了环境空气中苯系物的高灵敏检测。该富集进样装置无需制冷即可高效吸附苯系物，经过条件优化，样品经500 mL/min流速采样4 min,以2 mL/min载气流速进样3 min,捕集阱降温3 min,即可完成样品分析。与直接进样相比，富集进样后，苯、甲苯和对二甲苯的信号强度分别提高了130、220和255倍，相关系数(R²)均大于0.99,检出限分别达到0.23、0.19和0.23μg/m³,平行检测7个周期的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%。将研制的集束毛细管柱富集进样-便携式PI-TOF-MS应用于实际环境空气检测，结果表明，该仪器能够满足大气中痕量苯系物的检测需求，在现场环境快速检测领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

变压器油色谱进样辅助装置的研究与应用

变压器油中溶解气体色谱分析通过对气体组分含量进行测定分析，判断变压器内各种缺陷故障，是充油电气设备出厂检验和运行监督过程中判断设备潜伏性故障的有效手段。油色谱试验要求对同一气样多次进样的分析结果重复性差异在±1.5%以内，试样分析时应重复进样操作两次，取其峰面积的平均值，重复性越高，测试结果越准确。鉴于此，研制了变压器油色谱进样辅助装置，可以使试验过程变得简单有序，减少试验人员人工操作的次数，试验准确度更高，大大提高了色谱分析试验进样的重复性结果准确率。     

A membrane inlet system equipped with a piezoelectric lock for introduction of gaseous samples into a mass-spectrometer

The design of a membrane inlet system, which is equipped with a metal-sealed piezoelectric vacuum lock, for introducing samples into a mass spectrometer, is described. The membrane interface is characterized by a selective permeability for volatile target compounds and allows their detection in air with a high sensitivity in a proximate measurement mode using automated portable or mobile mass spectrometers. The system provides short instrument response times (～1 s) owing to the use of a thin membrane material (tens of microns) and excludes hazardous consequences of a possible destruction of the membrane. The inlet system is controlled via application of voltage to the lock, thus enabling blocking of the gas flow that is supplied to the instrument within several hundredth parts of a second. Testing results are presented.     

Quartz optoacoustic apparatus for highly corrosive gases

In this paper we report on a new optoacoustic apparatus designed for the study of highly corrosive gases. The sound transducer is a thin quartz membrane sintered to one end of the solid quartz acoustic chamber. Measurements were performed on iodine chloride. Construction details, performance characteristics and the usage of the system in the study of the photo-induced reaction between ICP and C2H2 are described.     

Kinetic Energy Recovery from the Chimney Flue Gases Using Ducted Turbine System

An innovative idea of extracting kinetic energy from man-made wind resources using ducted turbine system for on-site power generation is introduced in this paper. A horizontal axis ducted turbine is attached to the top of the chimney to harness the kinetic energy of flue gases for producing electricity. The turbine system is positioned beyond the chimney outlet, to avoid any negative impact on the chimney performance. The convergentdivergent duct causes increase in the flue gas velocity and hence enhances the performance of the turbine. It also acts as a safety cover to the energy recovery system. The results from the CFD based simulation analysis indicate that significant power 34 kW can be harnessed from the chimney exhaust. The effect of airfoils NACA4412 and NACA4416 and the diffuser angle on the power extraction by the energy recovery system using a 6-bladed ducted turbine has been studied with the CFD simulation. It is observed that the average flue gas velocity in the duct section at the throat is approximately twice that of the inlet velocity,whereas maximum velocity achieved is 2.6 times the inlet velocity. The simulated results show that about power may be extracted from the chimney flue gases of 660 MW power plant. The system can be retrofitted to existing chimneys of thermal power plants, refineries and other industries.     

The possibilities of a mass spectrometer equipped with a Llewellyn inlet system in the analysis of air and water samples

The design of a multimembrane inlet system, in which the method proposed by Llewellyn for enriching gases (through the addition of volatile organic components and certain other gases) for purposes of chromatography/mass spectrometry is described. A mechanism that enables one to obtain an enrichment effect of 10⁶ for a considerable group of compounds in the process of analyzing air and water samples, supplied to the mass spectrometer through the proposed inlet system, is considered. The results are given from the experimental verification of the inlet system operating as part of a portable magnetic mass spectrometer.Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 1, 2005, pp. 101–104.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Kogan, Victorova, Victorov.     

A flexible apparatus for attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of solids and surfaces

We describe an apparatus for attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of solids and surfaces, which combines the generation of isolated attosecond extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) laser pulses by high harmonic generation in gases with time-resolved photoelectron detection and surface science techniques in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. This versatile setup provides isolated attosecond pulses with photon energies of up to 140 eV and few-cycle near infrared pulses for studying ultrafast electron dynamics in a large variety of surfaces and interfaces. The samples can be prepared and characterized on an atomic scale in a dedicated flexible surface science end station. The extensive possibilities offered by this apparatus are demonstrated by applying attosecond XUV pulses with a central photon energy of ～125 eV in an attosecond streaking experiment of a xenon multilayer grown on a Re(0001) substrate.     

Temperature diagnostics of ECR plasma by measurement of electron bremsstrahlung

The x-ray bremsstrahlung spectrum emitted by the electron population in a 14.5 GHz ECR plasma source has been measured using a NaI(Tl) detector, and hence the electron temperature of the higher energy electron population in the plasma has been determined. The x-ray spectra for Ne and Ar gases have been systematically studied as a function of inlet gas pressure from 7 × 10(-7) mbar to 7 × 10(-5) mbar and for input microwave power ～1 W to ～300 W. At the highest input power and optimum pressure conditions, the end point bremsstrahlung energies are seen to reach ～700 keV. The estimated electron temperatures (T(e)) were found to be in the range 20 keV-80 keV. The T(e) is found to be peaking at a pressure of 1 × 10(-5) mbar for both gases. The T(e) is seen to increase with increasing input power in the intermediate power region, i.e., between 100 and 200 W, but shows different behaviour for different gases in the low and high power regions. Both gases show very weak dependence of electron temperature on inlet gas pressure, but the trends in each gas are different.     

Development of dielectric barrier discharge plasma processing apparatus for mass spectrometry and thin film deposition

Cost effective and a very simple dielectric barrier discharge plasma processing apparatus for thin film deposition and mass spectroscopic analysis of organic gas mixture has been described. The interesting features of the apparatus are the construction of the dielectric electrodes made of aluminum oxide or alumina (Al(2)O(3)) and glass and the generation of high ignition voltage from the spark plug transformer taken from car. Metal capacitor is introduced in between ground and oscilloscope to measure the executing power during the discharge and the average electron density in the plasma region. The organic polymer films have been deposited on Si (100) substrate using several organic gas compositions. The experimental setup provides a unique drainage system from the reaction chamber controlled by a membrane pump to suck out and remove the poisonous gases or residuals (cyanogens, H-CN, CH(x)NH(2), etc.) which have been produced during the discharge of CH(4)N(2) mixture.     

Shock tube/time-of-flight mass spectrometer for high temperature kinetic studies

A shock tube (ST) with online, time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF-MS) detection has been constructed for the study of elementary reactions at high temperature. The ST and TOF-MS are coupled by a differentially pumped molecular beam sampling interface, which ensures that the samples entering the TOF-MS are not contaminated by gases drawn from the cold end wall thermal boundary layer in the ST. Additionally, the interface allows a large range of postshock pressures to be used in the shock tube while maintaining high vacuum in the TOF-MS. The apparatus and the details of the sampling system are described along with an analysis in which cooling of the sampled gases and minimization of thermal boundary layer effects are discussed. The accuracy of kinetic measurements made with the apparatus has been tested by investigating the thermal unimolecular dissociation of cyclohexene to ethylene and 1,3-butadiene, a well characterized reaction for which considerable literature data that are in good agreement exist. The experiments were performed at nominal reflected shock wave pressures of 600 and 1300 Torr, and temperatures ranging from 1260 to 1430 K. The rate coefficients obtained are compared with the earlier shock tube studies and are found to be in very good agreement. As expected no significant difference is observed in the rate constant between pressures of 600 and 1300 Torr.     

Role of the golgi apparatus in cellular pathology

The Golgi apparatus response to pathological disorders is predominantly as an intermediary component of membrane biogenesis where it is involved in processing, sorting and secretion of materials via secretory granules, and in the formation of lysosomes. A common initial response of the Golgi apparatus to any stress is an alteration or cessation of secretory activity. In the transformed cell, the Golgi apparatus is altered both morphologically and biochemically, suggesting a shift from a secretory to a membrane-generating mode of functioning. However, since fewer or less well-developed Golgi apparatus are frequently found in transformed cells, analytical methods of membrane isolation developed for normal tissues may not always yield equivalent results when applied to tumors. Cell surface alterations characteristic of malignant cells may result from modifications occurring at the level of the Golgi apparatus. Some lysosomal dysfunctions may result from underglycosylation of acid hydrolases by the Golgi apparatus. The use of cell-free systems between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus or within Golgi apparatus cisterane is providing a new approach to the elucidation of the role of the Golgi apparatus in normal as well as pathological states.