一种改进的马氏距离相对变换主元分析方法及其故障检测应用

目前, 主元分析方法(PCA)在数据处理、模式识别、过程监测等领域得到了越来越广泛的应用, 但仍存在部分关键问题亟待解决. 本文为了提高PCA方法的故障检测性能, 进行了一系列的改进, 首先, 本文引入相对变换的概念, 使用马氏距离相对变换直接消除量纲, 通过理论推导证明了马氏距离相对变换可以对数据不进行标准化直接进行数据变换, 而且给出了在相对空间内数据进行PCA变换的合理解释, 表明了基于马氏距离相对变换的PCA故障检测方法可以有效的消除变量量纲对数据的影响, 提高数据的可分性. 其次, 改进了SPE监控指标, 提出一种基于马氏距离的平方预测误差指标, 更有效地实现对工业过程的故障检测. 最后, 将两种改进方法相结合, 提出改进的马氏距离相对变换PCA故障检测方法, 并以轧钢过程活套系统为背景, 实际数据仿真结果表明: 与PCA以及其它改进方法相比, 本文提出的方法具有更好的故障检测性能和实时性, 能准确、有效地检测出活套故障.     

基于改进TOPSIS法的装备维修任务优先级确定方法

针对当前装备维修任务优先级由装备保障指挥员根据自身经验确定而缺乏依据的问题,提出基于马氏距离的改进TOPSIS法确定装备维修任务优先级的方法。通过分析战时装备维修保障的特点,构建装备维修任务评价指标体系,运用AHP确定各评价指标的权重,依据马氏距离能够有效剥离指标之间相关性的特性,运用基于马氏距离的改进TOPSIS法计算各装备维修任务的贴近度,从而确定装备维修任务的优先级。新方法在战时能够为装备保障指挥员确定装备维修任务优先级提供合理依据。     

基于改进加权图转换的图像匹配算法

对提出的基于马氏距离的点匹配方法进行了理论分析与实验验证,针对马氏距离及加权图转换匹配方法的不足,将马氏距离融入到加权图转换匹配算法中,提出了一种新的稳健的图像匹配策略——基于马氏距离加权图转换的图像匹配算法。该算法利用图中的点及其K-近邻点的马氏距离中值和角度距离建立权重矩阵,根据不断更新得到的权值更新图,逐个剔除出格点,获得更加精确的匹配结果。仿真数据和真实图像实验对比结果表明该方法的可行性和鲁棒性。     

基于GMM的马氏距离kNN故障检测方法研究

工业过程数据变量呈现非线性、非高斯性与变量之间分布不均等问题。针对数据变量分布不均等问题,提出利用高斯混合模型GMM(Gaussian mixture model),将马氏距离(Mahalanobis distance)与kNN(k nearest neighbors)相结合的故障检测方法,即:基于GMM的马氏距离kNN故障检测方法(GMM—MDkNN)。首先利用高斯混合模型GMM将训练样本数据分为K类,然后利用相应数据类的变量协方差信息计算样本间的马氏距离,得到样本的k近邻样本马氏距离和,并将其作为故障检测的指标。将此方法应用到TE连续工业过程监测实例中,结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

多类问题中的特征提取

对多类问题中的“基于平均马氏距离特征提取”、“基于马氏距离特征提取”和“基于最小错误概率上界特征提取”方法进行了分析和比较。证实了“基于最小错误概率上界特征提取”是目前可以用迭代算法完成的最好的特征提取，而“基于马氏距离特征提取”在错误概率上界上升很小的代价下，简化了计算量，也是一种可行的方法，文中使实际科研项目“小字集手写体特征提取”中的数据进行实验，当特征数从4下降到2时，基于平均马氏距离特征提取的错误概率上界要比其它两种方法高10%左右。     

基于核函数与马氏距离的FCM图像分割算法

针对模糊聚类算法邻域信息与空间信息利用率低易受噪声影响的问题,提出一种结合核函数与马氏距离的FCM算法,即FCMKM算法。首先,将图像像素点由低维空间通过核函数非线性映射到高维空间;然后,利用马氏距离替换原有的欧氏距离作为高维空间距离量度;最后,利用改进后的算法对图像进行分割。为验证FCMKM算法的性能,选取Bezdek划分系数、Xie-Beni系数、重构错误率、运行时间、迭代次数五个评测指标作为对比实验的评价标准。实验结果表明,与传统FCM算法、基于核函数的FCM算法、基于马氏距离的FCM算法相比,FCMKM算法能有效地提高模糊聚类算法的抗噪性。     

马氏距离法在支持向量机拒识区域中的应用

为克服传统多分类支持向量机中存在的拒识区域,提出一种基于马氏距离的拒识区域解决方案.该方法首先计算落入拒识区域中的样本点到每类样本集的马氏距离,然后选择较小的马氏距离对应的类为样本的所属类.标准数据实验结果表明,马氏距离法在实验数据上消除拒识区域,有效提高了算法的分类性能和泛化能力.     

基于马氏距离的航空装备故障预测研究

故障状态类型的判别是航空装备故障预测系统的核心环节,它直接影响到故障预测的准确性;针对航空装备的故障状态类型判别问题,提出一种基于马氏距离的故障预测方法;首先介绍了马氏距离,其次建立了状态数据库矩阵及状态判别模型,并给出了基于马氏距离的故障预测流程;最后将该方法用于某型飞机火控系统的故障预测中,使得在线和离线的平均故障预测准确度分别达到98.48%和97.77%,表明马氏距离在航空装备的故障预测中有较好的应用和推广价值。     

独立分量分析结合马氏距离的非监督损伤识别方法

为了解决结构损伤识别中监督学习方法在实际中难以获得损伤样本的限制,提出基于独立分量分析ICA( IndependentComponent Analysis)结合马氏距离判断结构损伤的方法.首先采用ICA方法提取统计独立源信号和混合矩阵,将混合矩阵作为特征参数输入至马氏距离判别函数,然后根据结构健康状态的马氏距离设计门限值,该门限值与检测信号的马氏距离的比较结果作为损伤判断的依据.在冲击载荷作用下,对钢框架结构模型进行了振动实验,结果表明:ICA方法提取的混合矩阵是一种有效的损伤特征参数,基于ICA和马氏距离的非监督学习方法能够正确识别结构损伤,从而为结构健康监测提供了一种行之有效的损伤识别方法.     

基于马氏距离的一维距离像识别算法仿真

针对欧氏距离受模式特征量纲影响的缺点,且影响制导精度和抗干扰的能力,采用一种基于马氏的一维距离像目标识别方法。通过对毫米波雷达目标回波进行IFFT变换得到一维距离像,用主分量分析算法对距离像进行降噪和特征提取,取最小马氏距离判别目标类别。马氏距离考虑了模式特征参数的大小以及特征间的相关性,克服了欧氏距离受量纲影响的缺点。与欧氏距离的分类算法仿真结果比较,马氏距离算法具有较好的识别性能;在不同信噪比下的仿真结果表明,方法适用于毫米波雷达一维距离像目标识别。     

基于独立主元分析的汽轮机性能监测与评估

为了解决汽轮发电机组的性能检测和故障诊断问题,将独立主元分析引入汽轮机性能监控领域,提出了一种基于独立主元分析(ICA)的电厂机组性能监测与评估新方法。通过ICA算法计算数据的独立主元,进一步计算监控统计量I2,I2和SPE来监测和评估系统的运行。若监控统计量在控制置信限以下,则认为系统运行正常;若统计量超过控制限,则判断为系统有故障或异常发生,运行和维修人员可以根据监测结果及时排查故障发生的原因,消除安全隐患,从而确保机组的安全稳定运行。某电厂机组故障数据仿真研究试验验证了该方法的有效性和合理性。     

基于主元特征提取的汽轮机性能监测和故障诊断

提出了一种基于主元特征提取的汽轮机性能监测和故障诊断新方法,该方法充分利用了发电机的过程数据信息,通过计算监控统计量Hotelling’s T2和SPE来监测汽轮机的运行。若T2或SPE统计量超过置信上限,则判定系统存在故障或异常,可以通过相似度分析的方法来确定故障发生的原因,汽轮机历史故障数据集仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于PCA故障重构的烟气轮机故障预测

主元分析作为一种统计分析方法,被广泛的用于过程监控中。文中假设故障可完全重构,利用基于平方预测误差的故障重构方法对故障幅值进行估计,并采用多层递阶方法对估计出的故障幅值进行预测。以北京燕山石化公司炼油厂的烟气轮机组作为研究对象,验证了该方法的有效性。     

An improved PCA scheme for sensor FDI: Application to an air quality monitoring network

In this paper a sensor fault detection and isolation procedure based on principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to monitor an air quality monitoring network. The PCA model of the network is optimal with respect to a reconstruction error criterion. The sensor fault detection is carried out in various residual subspaces using a new detection index. For our application, this index improves the performance compared to classical detection index SPE. The reconstruction approach allows, on one hand, to isolate the faulty sensors and, on the other hand, to estimate the fault amplitudes.     

Two online dam safety monitoring models based on the process of extracting environmental effect

In this paper, the complex relationship between environmental variables and dam static response is expressed using composition of functions, including nonlinear mapping and linear mapping. The environmental effect and noise disturbance is successfully separated from the monitoring data by analysis of the covariance matrix of multivariate monitoring data of dam response. Based on this separation process, two multivariate dam safety monitoring models are proposed. In model I, the upper control limits (UCLs) are calculated by performing kernel density estimation (KDE) on the square prediction error (SPE) of the offline data. For new monitoring data, we can judge whether they are abnormal by comparing the newly calculated SPE with the UCL. When abnormal data are detected, the SPE contribution plots and the SPE control chart of the new monitoring data are jointly used to qualitatively identify the reason for the abnormalities. Model II is a dam monitoring model based on latent variables that can be calculated from the separation process of the environmental and noise effects. The least squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs) model is adopted to simulate the nonlinear mapping from environmental variables to latent variables. The latent variables are predicted, and the prediction interval is calculated to provide a control range for the future monitoring data. The two monitoring models are applied to analyze the monitoring data of the horizontal displacement and hydraulic uplift pressure of a roller-compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam. The analysis results demonstrate the good performance of the two models.     

Reconstruction-based contribution for process monitoring

This paper presents a new method to perform fault diagnosis for data-correlation based process monitoring. As an alternative to the traditional contribution plot method, a reconstruction-based contribution for fault diagnosis is proposed based on monitored indices, SPE, T² and a combined index φ. Analysis of the diagnosability of the traditional contributions and the reconstruction-based contributions is performed. The lack of diagnosability of traditional contributions is analyzed for the case of single sensor faults with large fault magnitudes, whereas for the same case the proposed reconstruction-based contributions guarantee correct diagnosis. Monte Carlo simulation results are provided for the case of modest fault magnitudes by randomly assigning fault sensors and fault magnitudes.     

密闭鼓风炉铅锌熔炼的统计过程监测系统设计

密闭鼓风炉熔炼过程中的铅锌冶炼反应工艺非常复杂,且工况变化较大,目前还没有比较有效的方法对其监测。主元分析(PCA)是一种有效的多元统计过程监测方法,将PCA应用于密闭鼓风炉熔炼生产的统计过程控制,分析了T~2统计、SPE统计量的变化趋势,与密闭鼓风炉实际生产状况的对应关系。试验结果表明,PCA方法可快速有效地反映生产过程的变化,生产运用效果表明该方法大大提高了对密闭鼓风炉生产工况的实时监测能力,提高了生产效率。     

基于四阶累积分析的工业大肠杆菌制备过程故障诊断

工业大肠杆菌制备过程具有非线性和非高斯性共存的特征,导致难以对故障源进行有效定位,针对这个问题,提出一种基于多向核熵独立元分析(MKEICA)的过程监测方法;同时针对传统低阶监控统计量(T2, I2和SPE)无法得到非高斯信息的不足提出了四阶累积监控统计量的方法;其次通过对四阶累积监控量进行推导,得到故障产生的原因.最后将其应用在实际的工业过程并与多向核独立元分析(MKICA)监测模型进行对比验证该方法的可行性及有效性.     

Silicon–glass instrumented solid-phase extraction–zone electrophoresis microchip with thin amorphous silicon film electrodes: performance in immunoaffinity analysis

Silicon–glass microchips were designed and fabricated for on-chip solid phase extraction (SPE) and zone electrophoresis studies. The solvent channels for extraction and the separation channels for analyses were fabricated sequentially on the silicon device. Electrical contacts were integrated in a fused silica glass lid. Amorphous silicon thin film electrodes were fabricated for high voltage and conductivity detection. A chip installation rack with electrical and fluidic contacts was constructed to facilitate the experiments. Simulation was used to elucidate both the liquid flow and the electric field distribution. The operational performance of the microchips was demonstrated by using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled testosterone derivative as the model analyte and fluorescein as both the negative control and the calibration compounds. In SPE an immunosorbent, based on recombinant anti-testosterone Fab-fragments, was immobilized to activated Sepharose gel. Simultaneous monitoring of the movement of FITC-testosterone from SPE cavity through the channel to the detection point was performed with a laser-induced fluorescence detector. The observed limit of detection for FITC-testosterone was 2 μM.     

Dimension reduction method of independent component analysis for process monitoring based on minimum mean square error

This article proposes a novel dimension reduction method of independent component analysis for process monitoring based on minimum mean square error (MSE). Firstly, the order of the independent components (ICs) is ranked according to their importance estimated by MSE, and the mathematical proof is presented. Secondly, the top-n ICs are selected as dominant components and the dimension of ICs is reduced. The sum of the squared independent scores (I²) and the squared prediction error (SPE) are adopted as monitoring statistics. The control limits of I² and SPE are determined by the kernel density estimation (KDE). The proposed dimension reduction method is applied to fault detection in a simple multivariate process and the simulation benchmark of Tennessee Eastman process. Finally, two fault conditions of pulverizing system in power plant are analyzed by the proposed method. The experiments results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.