强氧化剂添加对油套管在焦磷酸钾溶液中耐蚀性的影响

通过高温高压腐蚀模拟浸泡试验和电化学试验,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析手段,研究了强氧化剂K_2CrO_4对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢及P110碳钢在K_4P_2O_7磷酸盐完井液溶液中耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:K_2CrO_4的加入可以提升超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢和P110碳钢的耐蚀性。K_2CrO_4可以抑制P110碳钢表面疏松腐蚀产物的生成,增加13Cr马氏体不锈钢的钝化特性。     

温度对三种Cr钢腐蚀行为的影响

利用高温高压釜模拟油田高CO_2分压和高矿化度的生产环境进行腐蚀试验,测定在不同温度条件下1Cr、3Cr和13Cr钢的腐蚀速率,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段分析了腐蚀产物形貌和成分。结果表明:1Cr、3Cr钢的腐蚀速率随温度升高先增大后减小,二者的腐蚀速率均在80℃达到最大值,分别为7.515mm/a和4.339mm/a;13Cr钢的腐蚀速率在温度低于110℃时随温度的升高缓慢增大,在温度高于110℃时腐蚀速率迅速增大;1Cr、3Cr油管钢在试验温度范围内均出现局部腐蚀,13Cr油管钢在整个试验的温度区间表现出优秀的耐蚀性。     

SZ36-1油田某低含CO_2水源井油管材料的选择

模拟SZ36-1油田某低含CO_2水源井生产油管的现场环境,在高温高压釜中对5种油管材料N80钢、3Cr钢、13Cr钢、超级13Cr钢以及钨钢进行72h腐蚀浸泡试验,确定油管材料的腐蚀速率,以比较各钢材的耐蚀性;采用光学显微镜观察试样腐蚀形貌,以评价各钢材的局部腐蚀情况;利用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱分析待选材料的电化学性能。结果表明:N80钢的腐蚀速率高达0.223mm/a,表面有大量点蚀坑,其电化学腐蚀反应受阳极活化控制,并且阻抗最小,不满足选材要求;钨钢因其较差的耐点蚀性也不满足要求;3Cr钢、13Cr钢和超级13Cr钢的腐蚀速率低,具有显著的阳极钝化特征,耐点蚀性好,电化学阻抗高,可以满足选材要求。     

超级13Cr钢在高温高压下的抗CO2腐蚀性能

在模拟某油田腐蚀环境中,通过高温高压CO2腐蚀试验,采用SEM、EDS和XPS测试手段分析,研究温度变化对超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为的影响。研究结果表明,随着温度的升高：超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率呈微上升的趋势,气相环境中试样的均匀腐蚀速率大于液相,但均远小于0．1mm／a,局部腐蚀严重。在温度为150℃的气相环境中,超级13Cr钢最大局部腐蚀速率可达2．1379mm／a,其7天实验的最大局部腐蚀坑深度可达41μm。XPS检测结果显示,超级13Cr钢表面钝化膜主要成分是非晶态的Cr2O3。     

不同材质油套管钢的CO2腐蚀行为

目的不同管材的CO_2腐蚀行为存在差异,为优选经济型抗CO_2腐蚀材质油套管,探究不同腐蚀条件下常规管材的CO_2腐蚀特征。方法以实际油田的地层水样为腐蚀介质,在高温高压的条件下,对不同材质的油套管进行模拟实验。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析腐蚀试样表面腐蚀产物的形貌特征,研究CO_2分压、温度、测试时间对油套管腐蚀速率的影响规律。结果随着CO_2分压的增加,普通碳钢和低Cr钢的腐蚀速率显著变化,当CO_2分压为0.3 MPa时,普通碳钢腐蚀速率为2.2021 mm/a,而13Cr的腐蚀速率很低,仅为0.1052 mm/a,未表现出明显的规律;腐蚀速率随着温度的升高呈先增加后降低的变化规律,N80,1Cr钢的腐蚀速率远高于13Cr钢;在较短的测试周期内,N80,1Cr,3Cr油套管钢的腐蚀速率略有增加,随着测试周期持续增加,油套管钢的腐蚀速率明显下降;从腐蚀形貌来看,普通碳钢试样的腐蚀程度严重,以均匀腐蚀为主,1Cr,3Cr钢表面存在少量的局部浅斑,以局部腐蚀为主;13Cr材质钢的表面平整,有光泽且无点蚀,腐蚀程度轻微。结论普通碳钢的腐蚀速率对CO_2分压的影响比含Cr合金材质钢更敏感,温度和测试周期均对金属表面的腐蚀产物产生影响,随着温度和测试周期的持续增加,金属表面形成Fe CO3保护膜,含Cr钢表面因铬的富集形成钝化膜,抑制油套管的腐蚀速率,研究成果对CO_2腐蚀环境中的油套管选材具有理论指导意义。     

超级13Cr不锈钢在超深超高压高温油气井中的腐蚀行为研究

通过模拟油田超深超高压高温油气井腐蚀环境,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢管材抗均匀腐蚀、点蚀及电偶腐蚀性能。结果表明:随着Cl-浓度的增加,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率在气相腐蚀环境中逐渐增大,在液相中变化不大,且气相的均匀腐蚀速率要大于液相的腐蚀速率。但不论在液相还是在气相腐蚀条件下,均匀腐蚀速率均远小于0.1 mm/a,局部腐蚀严重。在温度为150℃的气相环境中,超级13Cr钢的最大局部腐蚀速率可达2.1379 mm/a,其7天实验的最大局部腐蚀坑深度可达41μm。在电偶腐蚀试验中,不论是小试样模拟试验还是实物试验,P110作为阳极,腐蚀加剧,腐蚀速率增大,在电偶处发生明显局部腐蚀。超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢作为阴极被保护,腐蚀减缓,腐蚀速率减小。     

超临界CO2环境13Cr材质腐蚀行为研究

目的：我国南海西部东方气田高温高压,气层温度高达141℃,CO2体积分数高达50%,CO2分压值高达27.9 MPa,井下CO2处于超临界状态,通过模拟井下环境腐蚀实验为该气田选择合适的井下防腐材质。方法室内模拟地层水离子组成与含量,利用高温高压 FCZ 磁力驱动反应釜,选取中国产和日本原产的13Cr钢在东方气田超临界CO2环境进行防腐实验研究,腐蚀前对两种不同产地的金属材料进行化学成分与金相组织对比,腐蚀后对实验样品进行微观观察。结果模拟实际气田井下超临界CO2条件实验结果表明,无论是液相还是气相状态,13Cr马氏体不锈钢均未发生点蚀现象,且均匀腐蚀速率低于0.0013 mm/a,腐蚀产物晶粒均匀,结构致密。结论证实了两种不同产地的13Cr钢在东方气田井下超临界状态下的耐蚀性能相当。考虑高压气井气体流速及地层出砂的影响,探讨了13Cr马氏体不锈钢在超临界 CO2气井中的使用条件,为减少流速与出砂对腐蚀产物膜的破坏,应在实际生产中合理限制产能以降低流速,采取必要的防砂措施减小对油管壁冲刷。     

高Cl–环空保护液中超级13Cr油管点腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究超级13Cr管材在油气井服役环境中的点腐蚀失效机制,分析超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在高温、高Cl⁻环空保护液、超临界H2S/CO2环境中的点腐蚀失效行为,明确其适用性,并提出相应的腐蚀控制措施。方法 通过分析失效油管的宏观形貌、显微组织、腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物,判断超级13Cr油管现场失效的原因,结合高温高压反应釜模拟井下腐蚀环境,从平均腐蚀速率、点腐蚀速率等方面揭示超级13Cr油管的点腐蚀失效机理。结果 该超级13Cr材质管柱在受到H2S/CO2污染的环空保护液环境下会发生点腐蚀穿孔失效;通过观察现场失效油管发现,在受到腐蚀性气体污染的高Cl⁻环空保护液环境中,油管外壁发生了明显的局部腐蚀,油管腐蚀由外壁向内壁扩展,发生了严重的点腐蚀穿孔,并具有一定的H2S应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)特征;在环空保护液环境下,失效油管表面有Cr、O、Cl、S离子聚集,腐蚀受到CO2-H2S共同影响;模拟腐蚀实验结果显示,超级13Cr油管在腐蚀性气体污染的海水基环空保护液环境下具有点腐蚀敏感性,蚀坑深度为80.346 μm,点腐蚀速率达到10.34 mm/a。结论 超级13Cr油管在环空保护液中具有优异的抗均匀腐蚀能力,但在受到H2S/CO2污染的高Cl⁻环空保护液环境中具有明显点腐蚀倾向,建议环空保护液用淡水配制,并进行除氧处理。     

高温高压环境下13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀性能

采用高温高压釜研究了110钢级13Cr不锈钢在模拟油气田腐蚀环境气、液相条件下的腐蚀行为,利用SEM、XRD及EDS等对表面腐蚀产物形貌及成分进行了分析。结果表明,气、液两相环境下,13Cr材料腐蚀速率均随温度的升高而在150℃左右达到最大值,且气相腐蚀速率均大于液相。液相环境中13Cr钢主要发生均匀腐蚀,局部腐蚀较为轻微,气相则主要发生点蚀;气、液两相条件下材料的点蚀速率均大于均匀腐蚀速率。13Cr不锈钢在两相条件下的腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为Fe-Cr化合物;元素Cr主要以Cr2O3的形式存在于腐蚀产物膜中。     

铁基非晶合金和13Cr不锈钢在超临界CO2环境的腐蚀行为

非晶合金由于其独特的结构、优异的耐磨耐蚀性能在海洋及CO₂地质封存领域展现出广阔的应用前景,有望成为超临界CO₂环境下钢构件的耐蚀涂层材料,但关于非晶合金在该环境下的腐蚀行为鲜有报道。利用高温高压反应釜对SAM2X5铁基非晶合金与13Cr马氏体不锈钢在温度80℃,压力10 MPa的模拟环境下进行腐蚀行为对比研究。通过XRD、DSC、CLSM、SEM、XPS以及电化学Mott-Schottky测试等方法对两种材料的微观结构、腐蚀形貌以及表面膜成分及结构进行表征与分析。研究结果表明：在高温高压的超临界CO₂环境下进行168 h腐蚀试验后,13Cr不锈钢表面发生严重的点蚀,而铁基非晶合金表面无点蚀发生;非晶合金表面膜除Fe和Cr外,富含大量的Si元素,会促进形成稳定致密的钝化膜;13Cr不锈钢表面膜为p型半导体,非晶合金表面膜为n型半导体,13Cr不锈钢钝化膜载流子密度远高于铁基非晶合金。证实了在该环境下铁基非晶合金的耐蚀性能远优于13Cr不锈钢。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.