Behavior of precipitation in bainitic steel during relaxation processing of RPC technique

Thermal simulation test, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and nanobeam EDS (Energy Dispersed x-ray Spectrum) techniques were used to investigate the precipitation behavior of Nb, Ti, Mo etc. in HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) steel. The strain induced precipitation occurred during the isothermal relaxation stage after deformed in the non-recrystallization temperature region. After 30% predeformation at 850 and 900~C, there are two kinds of particles, (Ti,Nb)(C,N) and a few Nb(C,N), to precipitate during holding. The content of Nb in particles rises with the relaxation time increasing. During the final holding stage, some Nb and Ti atoms in the lattice sites of the precipitates would be replaced by Mo atoms, and the Mo content in the precipitates increases with the relaxation time. The results were compared with the refinement effect of microstructures caused by relaxationprecipitation controlling transformation (RPC) processing.     

Nature of large （Ti, Nb）（C, N） particles precipitated during the solidification of Ti, Nb HSLA steel

To investigate the microsegregation phenomena and complex （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitation behavior during continuous casting, a unidirectional solidification unit was employed to simulate the solidification process. The samples of Ti, Nb-addition steels after unidirectional solidification were examined using field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） and electron probe X-ray microanalyzer （EPMA）. In such specimens, dendrite structure and mushy zone can be detected along the solidification direction. It shows that the addition of titanium, niobium to high-strength low-alloyed （HSLA） steel results in undesirable （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitation because of microsegregation. The effect of cooling rate on （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitation was investigated. The composition of large precipitates was determined using FE-SEM with EDS. Large （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitates could be divided into three kinds according to the composition and morphology. With the cooling rate increasing, Ti-rich （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitates are transformed to Nb-rich （Ti, Nb）（C, N） precipitates.     

Process Modeling and Control Simulation for a 500W@4.5K Helium Refrigerator

In order to investigate dynamic behaviors of a 500W@ 4.5K helium refrigerator,the process simulator has been completed. The cryogenic process model is described and main components are customized. The realtime communication between the process model and the control system has been achieved. Compared with the preliminary experimental data,the errors of temperatures during the process of 300 K-80 K are less than 10%.The process model is validated to predict the cool-down process very well. The controller parameters are tuned in simulation and applied to the actual refrigerator suitably. Based on the dynamic simulation,the operation of Joule-Thomson( JT) by pass valve has been optimized. And the cool- down process from 300 K to 4. 5 K has been simulated under the control programs. Simulation results indicate that this dynamic simulator based on actual control architecture is available to process control and operation optimization for the helium refrigerators.     

Effect of Nb on the Microstructure and Properties of Cold Rolled and Annealed Mo Microalloyed Bainitic Steel

Two kinds of low carbon bainitic steels,Nb-free Mo bearing and Nb + Mo addition steels,were cold rolled and annealed to investigate the effect of micro-alloying element Nb on the microstructure and properties of Mo microalloyed low carbon high strength bainitic steel. No precipitates were observed in Nb-free Mo bearing steel,whereas,two types of precipitates,i.e.,Nb( C,N) and composite( Nb,Mo)( C,N),were observed in the Nb + Mo microalloyed steel,resulting in precipitation strengthening. The strength of Mo bearing steel was improved by addition of Nb under the same annealing conditions. The grain size of Nb addition steel was almost the same as Nb-free steel. Unlike the obvious grain refinement and precipitation strengthening in hot rolling,the increase in yield strength of Nb addition steels in cold rolling and annealing mainly results from the precipitation strengthening,while the effect of grain refinement strengthening can be almost ignored.     

Composition Optimization of Nb-Ti Microalloyed High Strength Steel

Four Nb-Ti microalloyed steels were refined and rolled to study the composition optimization of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels. The effects of Nb and Ti on the microstructures, precipitates and properties of Nb-Ti microalloyed steel were investigated. The results showed that an increase in Ti content resulted in the appearance of many fine precipitates leading to a strong precipitation strengthening effect. Hence, the yield strength increased. Besides, the increased strength by the combined increase of Nb and Ti was similar to that observed for the increase in Ti content alone. This increase in strength was attributed widely to the increase in the Ti content alone rather than Nb. Moreover, the increase in Nb content beyond 0.036 wt% exerted no significant effect on the strength of Ti-Nb microalloyed steels, in which more Ti could be added to further improve the strength of steels.     

热送热装工艺对X80管线钢析出行为的影响

为了研究热送热装X80管线钢铸坯析出行为，使用了析出物定量分析、TEM和EDS测试方法，分析研究了析出物的成分、形貌、分布、质量分数以及频度分布情况.结果表明：两种工艺制度下，铸坯中析出物主要在奥氏体晶界析出，尺寸较大.室温装炉铸坯析出物在冷却和加热保温过程中发生析出、回溶和再析出行为，枝晶状的析出物大部分回溶并重新析出为两类碳氮化物，即富Ti和富Nb的（Ti，Nb）（C，N）碳氮化物.1100℃热装态的铸坯在加热和保温过程中将主要发生析出行为，析出颗粒的总质量分数要低于室温装炉条件，并且铸坯中固溶Nb的质量分数要远高于室温装炉条件.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-ri...     

铌对弹簧钢60Si2MnA动态再结晶的影响

在Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机上研究含铌弹簧钢的动态再结晶行为,用透射电镜对铌的析出物进行观察,并分析铌对弹簧钢动态再结晶的影响。结果表明,含铌弹簧钢易发生动态再结晶,在温度为850-1050℃、变形速率为0.1-20 s^-1条件下均发生动态再结晶;在变形速率为5 s^-1的条件下,60Si2MnA动态再结晶的发生推迟50℃左右;在低温情况下,铌推迟60Si2MnA动态再结晶的主要原因是Nb（C,N）的析出及其钉扎作用。     

Precipitation characteristic of high strength steels microalloyed with titanium produced by compact strip production

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and physics-chemical phase analysis were employed to investigate the precipitates in high strength steels microalloyed with Ti produced by compact strip production (CSP). It was seen that precipitates in Ti microalloyed steels mainly included TiN, Ti4C2S2, and TiC. The size of TiN particles varied from 50 to 500 nm, and they could precipitate during or before soaking. The Ti4C2S2 with the size of 40-100 nm might precipitate before rolling, and the TiC particles with the size of 5-50 nm precipitated heterogeneously. High Ti content would lead to the presence of bigger TiC particles that precipitated in austenite, and by contrast, TiC particles that precipitated in ferrite and the transformation of austenite to ferrite was smaller. They were less than 30 nm and mainly responsible for precipitate strengthening. It should be noted that the TiC particles in higher Ti content were generally smaller than those in the steel with a lower Ti content.     

钒和钼对微合金化贝氏体钢第二相析出的影响

利用热模拟试验机Gleeble-3800,热模拟试验研究了V、Mo、V＋Mo等元素、加热温度、保温时间对微合金化贝氏体钢中第二相析出的影响.结果表明,Nb、V、Ti、Mo的复合加入有利于第二相的析出,加热温度和保温时间对析出量的影响较小.     

17-4PH不锈钢时效析出相的形成过程

对17-4PH(0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb)马氏体不锈钢进行了3种不同条件下的时效处理。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)技术详细分析了17-4PH不锈钢时效处理后析出相的形成过程。实验结果表明,时效条件为442℃,8h空冷时,在马氏体内部析出弥散的、尺寸小于10nm的ε-Cu、Nb6C(N)5和Nb2C(N)型亚稳相颗粒;时效条件为465℃,4h空冷时,析出尺寸为10～15nmε-Cu和稳定的NbC(N)相;时效条件为480℃,1h空冷时,析出尺寸为20～25mm的ε-Cu+NbC(N)相,且析出相NbC(N)与马氏体为共格析出,取向关系为NbC[001]//α-Fe[001]。     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷与3Cr13不锈钢的真空钎焊

采用AgCuZnNi钎料对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷和3Cr13不锈钢进行真空钎焊。研究了钎焊温度和钎焊时间对钎焊接头剪切强度的影响,通过SEM和EDS对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/3Cr13不锈钢接头的显微组织、元素分布及断口形貌进行分析。研究表明:随着钎焊温度和钎焊时间的增加,钎焊接头的剪切强度先增大后减小。在钎焊温度为820℃,钎焊时间为10 min的工艺条件下,钎焊接头的结合强度达到最大,其剪切强度为154 MPa。Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/3Cr13不锈钢焊缝由Ag基固溶体和Cu基固溶体构成。Ag基固溶体主要集中在焊缝的中部,而Cu基固溶体大多数分布在焊缝两侧与母材结合。Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/3Cr13不锈钢接头断裂主要发生在Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷侧,其断裂方式为脆性断裂。     

Precipitation behaviors of X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of precipitates in the final microstructure of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. Precipitates observed by TEM can be classified into two groups. The large precipitates are complex compounds that comprise square-shaped TiN precipitate as core with fine Nb-containing precipitate nucleated on pre-existing TiN precipitate as caps on one or more faces at high temperature. In contrast, the fine and spherical Nb carbides and/or carbonitrides precipitate heterogeneously on dislocations and sub-boundaries at low temperature. From the analysis in terms of thermodynamics, EDS and chemical cornposition of the steel, NbC precipitation is considered to be the predominant precipitation behavior in the tested steel under the processing conditions of this research.     

Over-relaxation effect of deformed austenite on ageing behavior of an Nb-bearing microalloyed steel

The ageing behavior of an Nb-bearing microalloyed steel at 525℃was investigated by thermo-simulation test, hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prior to ageing, the steel was deformed in austenite zone followed by a long relaxation. Experimental results indicate that the hardness decreases gradually in the initial stage until ageing for 120 min, and then increases continuously until 1200 min. The coarsened precipitates (>10 nm) formed in deformed austenite remain nearly unchanged in size, even after ageing for long time, while the further precipitates, which nucleate in a phase, contribute to the increasing of hardness. By comparison, the undeformed samples in austenite subjected to the same ageing process display a very similar hardness change trend to that of over-relaxation ones and have higher hardness values at each corresponding period.     

X80管线钢中氮化物和碳化物析出热力学分析

基于规则熔体理论和平衡反应基础,对连铸工序X80管线钢中碳化物、氮化物析出进行热力学分析,研究Ti、Nb及Al的碳化物、氮化物析出规律。结果表明,固液两相区,TiC0.005N0.995和TiN分别在1785K和1784K时开始析出;奥氏体相区,碳化物、氮化物析出先后顺序为NbC0.64N0.36、NbC、NbN、AlN、TiC,相应析出温度为1457、1404、1354、1267、1226K;γ→α相变过程中,TiC发生相间析出,Nb主要以NbC形式析出,AlN析出量较少。     

高炉钛渣碳氮化实验研究

利用碳热还原氮化法在1300～1500℃内处理高炉钛渣,用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等研究了温度对Ti（C,N）晶粒的生成及其长大的影响。结果表明,实验温度范围内合成钛渣碳氮化后都有Ti（C,N）生成。随温度升高,Ti（C,N）相含量逐渐增多,晶粒明显长大。1450℃时Ti（C,N）相生成最多。与合成钛渣相比,攀钢高炉渣中生成的Ti（C,N）晶粒明显要大,合成钛渣中的为1～3μm,攀钢高炉钛渣中的为3～5μm。攀钢高炉渣中的Ti（C,N）相易附着在金属铁上形成或长大。金属铁提高Ti（C,N）晶粒尺寸效果明显。     

A Special TMCP Used to Develop a 800MPa Grade HSLA Steel

The effect of relaxation after finished rolling on structures and properties of four microalloyed steel with different content of Nb and Ti was investigated. By alloy designing and control rolling + relaxation-precipitation-control phase transformation (RPC) process, a new 800 MPa grade HSLA plate steel could be obtained, the microstructure is composite ultra- fine lath bainite/martensite. The tempering process and mechanical properties of this kind of HSLA steel were investigated. The yield strength can achieve 800 MPa, and the ductility and impact toughness is satisfied.     

Relaxation of Deformed Austenite and Refinement of Bainite in a Nb-Containing Microalloyed Steel

By means of stress relaxation and strain-induced precipitation in deformed austenite, bainite with micron sheaves size was ob-tained in Nb-containing steel. Microstructures of deformed samples isothermally relaxed for various time followed by cooling in water were examined. Stress relaxation test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to detect precipitation of microalloy elements, such as Nb, Ti, during isothermal holding after deformation. All the samples were constituted by lath-like bainite along with acicular ferrite, but the size of bainitic sheaves and the amount of acicular ferrite were changed with relaxation time. To achieve optimum refinement, relaxation should be confined in the stage when the precipitates have sufficiently grown and started to coarsen. The sample having not undergone relaxation does not exhibit obvious refinement despite of its higher dislocation density. These results indicate that relaxation promotes bainite to refine, which is because deformed austenitic grains are divided by dislocation walls formed during rela-xation and acicular ferrite formed before bainitic transformation.     

Precipitation and Hetero-nucleation Effect of V(C,N)in V-Microalloyed Steel

The precipitation behavior of V(C,N) in steels microalloyed with vanadium was researched using a thermal simulator during single-pass deformation at 800-750 ℃.The V(C,N) precipitates and its nucleation effect on ferrite were investigated by TEM and EDS.The experimental results show that there are two remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effects of V(C,N) particles precipitated before y→αphase change:primary reason is that high coherency between V(C,N) and ferrite promotes V(C,N) to become a nucleating center of intragranular ferrite;secondary reason is that the coarsening of V(C,N) causes locally solute-poor region in austenite,thus expedites the nucleation of intragranular ferrites further.Furthermore,the relationship between the size and shape of V(C,N)was studied,and identification method was provided for distinguishing interphase precipitation and general precipitation to avoid erroneous judgment and misguide.     

50CrV低温二次硬化机理的探讨

设计了低温回火工艺，使50CrV钢的硬度提高，通过对比实验和采用透射电镜，探讨了低温二次硬化产生的机理，结果表明，低温回火时VC的弥散折出导致了50CrV钢的硬度升高，微合金钢中强碳化物形成元素Nb,V,Ti的沉淀强化和固溶强化引起低温二次硬化。