定向生长Bi2Te3-Sb2Te3三元合金热电材料的组织与性能

利用Bridgman定向凝固法,在大凝固速率范围内5～1000μm/s制备出Bi2Te3-Sb2Te3三元合金块体热电材料,并对其凝固组织和不同凝固速率下合金的热电性能进行研究。结果表明:高温度梯度和大凝固速率范围内制备的25%Bi2Te3-75%Sb2Te3合金定向凝固组织由Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3单相组织组成;在较低凝固速率5μm/s下,熔体生长平界面失稳形成胞状组织,而随定向凝固速率的增加,胞状组织减少,组织细化。不同定向凝固速率下25%Bi2Te3-75%Sb2Te3合金的Seebeck系数和电阻率随着凝固速率的增加而增大。50μm/s下300～450K范围内获得功率因子(PF)在4.6×10-3～5.01×10-3W/(K2.m),并在350K时PF值达到最大值5.01×10-3W/(K2.m);而在高凝固速率500μm/s下,其功率因子也可达4.5×10-3W/(K2.m),表明高温度梯度和大凝固速率制备热电材料是一种有效的制备工艺方法。     

中子探测用LiInSe2晶体生长及表征

LiInSe₂晶体是一种可在室温下探测热中子的新型半导体中子探测材料。本文采用低温合成法，获得大量高纯多晶LiInSe₂原料，通过改进生长工艺得到了高质量的红色LiInSe₂晶体。通过研究晶体的透过率、夹杂相等，表征了晶体的生长质量，测试晶体对α粒子的响应来研究晶体进行中子探测的可能性。结果表明，晶体的红外透过率为75%，禁带宽度为2.3 eV，夹杂相密度达到2 900个/cm²，夹杂相的尺寸在1～10μm左右。测得电阻率在5×10¹¹Ω·cm左右，对α粒子的能量分辨率为55%。     

移动加热器法生长CdMnTe晶体的生长界面（英文）

研究了移动加热器法生长CdMnTe晶体的生长界面。采用传统摇摆炉和垂直Bridgman炉合成多晶原料,并比较了不同多晶原料对移动加热器法生长界面的影响。结果显示,采用垂直Bridgman法合成多晶生长的CdMnTe晶体(CMT2)相对于传统摇摆炉合成多晶生长的晶体(CMT1),其生长界面较为光滑且凹面曲率更低。分析了生长界面对CdMnTe晶体的Mn成分和Te夹杂相分布的影响。CMT2晶体Mn的径向成分分凝和Te夹杂相密度及尺寸均小于CMT1晶体。总之,垂直Bridgman法合成多晶原料能明显改善生长界面的形态,有利于降低移动加热器法生长Cd Mn Te晶体的Te夹杂相和Mn的成分分凝,提高晶体的质量。     

熔融氧化镍渣连续冷却过程磁铁矿晶体析出长大行为研究

镍渣中铁元素的高效提取一直是镍渣高效高值化再利用关注的热点。本文利用Factsage软件对熔融氧化镍渣中磁铁矿晶体的形成及优先选择性析出行为进行预测,然后采用高温激光共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)对熔融氧化镍渣连续冷却过程中磁铁矿晶体的析出长大进行原位观察,对比研究了5~50 ℃/min冷却速率下磁铁矿晶体的生长过程,通过SEM-EDS、XRD、ICP手段对观察样品的形貌、物相和成分进行表征。结果表明,熔融氧化镍渣连续冷却过程磁铁矿晶体会从熔体中优先选择性析出,初始析出温度在1430~1450 ℃之间。较低的冷却速率(5~15 ℃/min)下,晶体初始形核析出较慢,晶粒在1200~1400 ℃稳定生长,平均生长速率可达0.141 μm/s,最终晶粒尺寸超过100 μm;较高的冷却速率(25~50 ℃/min)可以促使磁铁矿晶体在生长初期迅速形核并析出,但稳定生长速率较小,最终晶粒尺寸在20~30 μm范围。     

低碳钢亚快速凝固过程夹杂物的生成规律

薄带钢中夹杂物是影响其表面质量和材料性能的重要因素。采用真空感应熔炼和铜模吸铸的方法制取了Si-Mn脱氧后加Ti脱氧的低碳钢薄带,薄带中全氧含量为79μg/g,凝固冷速范围为240~960 K/s。利用此工艺制备的薄带中大多数夹杂物尺寸小于1μm,最大夹杂直径为8.5μm。其中尺寸在0.2~0.5μm夹杂物的数量密度为825个/mm2,其在截面上的分布规律为:表面数量最多,达1 570个/mm2,中心和1/4处数量接近。尺寸在0.5~5μm夹杂物的数量密度为510个/mm2,各厚度位置分布均匀。尺寸大于5μm夹杂物的数量密度为15个/mm2,各厚度位置分布均匀。对夹杂物的成分、形貌和结构分析显示,每个夹杂均由多个晶体组成,整体形貌近似球形,为TinO2n-1+Mn S复合夹杂,其中以钛氧化物为主体,Mn S附着在钛氧化物的表面区域。     

定向凝固冷速对Ti-O超细夹杂物析出的影响

采用定向凝固法模拟了由纯铁与钛铁制备的样品在凝固过程中二次枝晶臂间溶质富集时Ti-O夹杂物的析出情况,考察了冷却速率对Ti-O超细夹杂物尺寸、数量及分布的影响,验证了凝固过程微观偏析和Ti-O夹杂生成耦合模型.结果表明,随着冷速增高,夹杂尺寸减小,数量增多,分布更均匀.在10K/min(模铸),100K/min(方坯),200K/min(中厚板)冷速下夹杂的平均直径分别为1.87,1.09,0.82μm,夹杂数量分别为0.31×104,1.98×104和3.27×104 mm-3.利用凝固过程溶质富集析出Ti-O超细夹杂物是可行的.     

Ti基非晶及准纳米晶材料制备技术研究

用Al、B取代Ti50Ni15Cu25Sn3Be7中有毒的Be元素,采用真空甩带及铜模吸铸法制备名义成分为Ti50Ni15Cu25-Sn3Al6.9B0.1的非晶合金。对制得的合金经热处理制备准纳米晶体。采用SEM观察组织及晶粒大小。XRD分析结果表明,铜模吸铸法所制得的合金为晶态加少量非晶。DTA分析表明,合金存在三个相变转变点,转变温度分别为Te1=350℃、Te2=430℃和Te3=510℃。合金经800℃油淬10min、350℃回火12h后晶粒细化,晶粒尺寸在1μm以下,其中析出相的晶粒尺寸已是准纳米级或纳米级尺度。回火24h后晶粒明显长大,晶粒平均尺寸在10μm左右。     

水热法合成KNbO_3的研究

以KOH和Nb2O5为原料,采用水热法制备了KNbO3粉体。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)研究了KOH浓度和反应温度的变化对制备粉体的相组成及形貌的影响。研究发现水热温度为220℃、KOH的浓度为10mol/L时,可以合成出X射线衍射纯KNbO3晶体,所制备的晶体发育完整,为片状晶体,晶体尺寸为0.5～1.5μm。当水热温度为180℃、KOH的浓度为10mol/L时,制备的X射线衍射纯KNbO3晶体发育也很完整,大部分仍为片状晶体,有少量晶体呈狭长形状,晶体尺寸为0.5～1μm。当水热温度为180℃、KOH的浓度为6mol/L时,制备的X射线衍射纯KNbO3晶体发育完整,KNbO3晶体为片状,晶体大小较均匀,晶体尺寸为0.4～1μm,有部分晶体聚集成棒状,长度约为10μm。FTIR光谱表明所制备的样品出现了Nb=O和Nb-O-Nb的振动峰,反应温度的变化并未使这两个振动峰的位置发生明显的变化。     

IF钢连铸坯夹杂物示踪试验研究

通过工业示踪试验,采用大样电解试验方法,利用扫描电镜及能谱分析,分析了IF钢铸坯中大型夹杂物的类型、数量、尺寸及来源。结果表明,铸坯大型夹杂物平均含量为28.6 mg/10 kg,波动范围为23.8~41.4 mg/10 kg。粒度大于300μm的大型夹杂物占总量的26.7%。大型夹杂物几乎全部含有示踪熔渣元素,其中含K、Na元素的结晶器保护渣特征的夹杂物约占正常坯总量的60%,含La元素的钢包渣特征的夹杂物约占正常坯总量的30%。此外,还有小部分夹杂物来自脱氧产物聚集、中间包渣及耐火材料。     

GX4CrNi13-4铸钢非金属夹杂物的消除及其对性能的影响

研究了非金属夹杂物对核电机组用铸钢GX4CrNi13-4材料冲击性能的影响。扫描电镜(SEM)观察和能谱分析(EDS)结果表明:GX4CrNi13-4铸钢中主要夹杂物为角状不规则的Al_2O_3和硫化物,其中单个Al_2O_3夹杂物的尺寸在5~20μm,数量较多。Al_2O_3夹杂物与硫化物形成复合夹杂并且聚集生长,分布范围为100μm左右。通过真空脱气、减少含铝脱氧剂的使用和脱渣处理,有效改善了铸件的夹杂物水平,使钢中Al_2O_3夹杂物数量下降,尺寸减小为5μm左右,GX4CrNi13-4铸钢冲击韧性由23.67 J/cm~2提高到128.33 J/cm~2,超出国家标准,为实现第三代AP1000 MW核电汽轮机大型核心铸钢件的国产化奠定了坚实的基础。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.