一种用于相变储能工质的热物性试验研究

甲醇具有较低的冰点与沸点,能与水以任意比混溶,被认为是水的良好改性物质。本文对不同浓度的甲醇溶液的凝固融化特性、导热系数及相变潜热等热物理性能进行试验研究。研究结果表明,甲醇对水的热物性具有明显影响,当溶液的体积分数为5%时,冰点为-3.8℃,导热系数为0.563 W/(m·K),相变潜热为262.9 kJ/kg,且随着甲醇溶液体积分数的增加,冰点不断降低,导热性能持续下降,相变潜热逐渐减小。     

不同浓度甘油-磷酸盐缓冲液低温下物性分析

通过利用差示扫描量热仪和热常数分析仪,在低温下对含不同质量分数甘油的磷酸盐缓冲液进行冰点、比热、潜热、导热系数等热物性参数的测定,定量分析了甘油浓度对甘油-磷酸盐缓冲液的热物性影响.结果表明:甘油能有效降低磷酸盐缓冲液的冰点,减少相变潜热量,同时影响着混合液的比热值和导热系数值.     

Al2O3纳米流体相变特性的DSC研究

纳米流体相变时所体现出的特性是其作为蓄冷相变材料使用的重要基础。利用差示扫描量热法分别测量了纳米颗粒粒径为10nm、20nm、50nm、100nm、500nm,质量分数为5%、10%、12%、15%、20%,以及降温速率为2℃/min、3℃/min、5℃/min、7℃/min、9℃/min的Al2O3纳米流体的凝固点、冰点、融化点、比热及相变潜热的影响。测量结果表明:纳米流体的凝固点、冰点值都高于去离子水;随着颗粒粒径、质量分数和降温速率的增加,纳米流体的凝固点、冰点逐渐升高,而比热值逐渐减小。融化温度随着颗粒粒径、质量分数的增加而增加,且随着降温速率的增加而小幅度的降低。去离子水的相变潜热值高于纳米流体的潜热值;随着纳米颗粒粒径的增加,潜热值越大;随着质量分数和降温速率的增加,相变潜热值越小。     

纳米金属粒子强化正十八烷相变传热性能的实验研究

对正十八烷中分别添加纳米Cu粒子、纳米Al粒子及纳米Fe2O3粒子的复合相变材料的传热性能进行了实验研究。采用热针法分别对正十八烷及其与纳米金属粒子的复合相变材料的固态体系、液态体系的导热系数进行了实验研究,结果表明:在正十八烷中添加纳米金属粒子后,纳米金属粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料固、液态体系的导热系数随着纳米金属粒子质量分数的增加而显著提高,且纳米Al粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料导热系数的提高较其他两者更为明显。采用DSC对正十八烷及添加了不同质量分数的纳米金属粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料的相变潜热及相变温度进行了实验研究,结果表明:纳米金属粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料的相变潜热比纯正十八烷材料略低,且随纳米金属粒子质量分数的增大逐渐减小,但其相变温度变化不大。     

碳纳米管含量对纳米复合材料相变特性的影响

以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)为填料,采用两步法制备了不同质量分数(0.1%~1.0%)的CNTs/石蜡复合相变材料,并对其相变特性进行了实验研究。研究表明,复合材料的相变温度几乎保持不变,但其相变潜热随碳纳米管含量的增加呈降低趋势,熔化时间和凝固时间随碳纳米管含量的增加逐渐缩短,在CNTs质量分数为1.0%时,复合相变潜热值下降了6.3%。熔化时间和凝固时间分别缩短了31.0%和25.5%。复合材料的固、液态导热系数随碳纳米管含量的增加而大幅度提高,在25℃,CNTs质量分数为0.5%时的复合相变材料的导热系数提高了13.2%,体现了良好的强化导热效果。此外,碳纳米管含量较小时,复合相变材料的粘度基本不受碳纳米管加入的影响。碳纳米管质量分数为0.5%和1.0%的复合相变材料的粘度比纯石蜡的粘度提高了1.0%和1.5%,说明碳纳米管含量是影响复合相变材料粘度的一个主要因素,进而影响复合材料的相变特性。     

高岭土基Al-Si合金复合相变蓄热材料的性能

以含Si量为12%的铝硅合金为相变材料、高岭土为基体复合制备相变蓄热材料,通过热分析(DSC-TG)、热循环、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和导热分析(LFA),研究相变材料Al-Si合金的含量与复合相变材料的相变潜热及热稳定性之间关系。结果表明,在空气中,当Al-Si合金含量分别为50%、33%、25%、20%和17%时,经过5次、10次、15次、20次热循环后,复合相变材料的相变潜热逐渐减小,在15次热循环后相变潜热趋于稳定。此外,复合相变材料的微观形貌随热循环次数的增加趋于稳定,导热系数随加热温度的增加呈线性降低,且在600℃时,合金含量为25%和33%的复合相变材料的导热系数分别为6.51W/m·K和3.45w/m·K。综上所述,Al-Si合金含量为25%和33%的复合相变材料可在特殊行业得到良好的应用。     

聚苯乙烯基相变微胶囊储热复合材料的制备及性能研究

以苯乙烯、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)和硬脂酸丁酯相变微胶囊(MCPCM)为原料,采用本体聚合法制备聚苯乙烯基相变微胶囊(MCPCM/PS)储热复合材料。研究了MCPCM含量对MCPCM/PS复合材料储热性能、传热性能及宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明,MCPCM/PS复合材料具有储热功能,随MCPCM含量增加相变潜热增大,导热系数减小,传热速率变缓,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)降低,断裂强度减小,伸长率增大,当MCPCM为25%(质量分数)时,相变温度为25~28℃,相变潜热为31.8J/g,导热系数为0.0210W/(m·K),Tg=59.13℃。     

铜纳米粒子强化正十八烷相变传热性能的实验研究

针对纯石蜡(正十八烷)作为固-液相变储能材料存在导热系数小、传热性能差的缺点,采用两步法制备了铜纳米粒子质量分数分别为0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1%、2%的铜纳米粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料,并对其热物性进行了实验研究。采用瞬态热针法测量复合相变材料的导热系数。实验结果表明,铜纳米粒子可有效提高正十八烷的导热系数。利用DSC对铜纳米粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料进行热分析,结果表明,体系中添加铜纳米粒子后正十八烷的相变温度变化很小,而体系的相变潜热随铜纳米粒子质量分数的增加而逐渐减小,但减小幅度不大,因此铜纳米粒子的加入对正十八烷的蓄热能力影响较小。另外,对铜纳米粒子质量分数为1%的铜纳米粒子/正十八烷复合相变材料的热稳定性进行研究,结果表明其具有良好的热稳定性。     

纳米石墨烯片/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的热性质研究

采用两步法,通过磁力搅拌和超声振荡,制备了以纳米石墨烯片GnPs为导热增强相的纳米GnPs/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料。红外光谱分析结果表明GnPs与石蜡之间未发生化学反应,仅是简单的物理复合作用。差示扫描量热分析(DSC)表明,复合材料的相变温度几乎保持不变,但其相变潜热随纳米GnPs含量的增加呈降低趋势,在质量分数为1%时,熔化和凝固过程的相变潜热较纯石蜡分别下降约9.6%和10.1%。此外,复合材料的导热系数随GnPs质量分数增加而增加,在质量分数为2%时,导热系数相对提高率为34.2%,表现出良好的强化导热效果。     

纳米铜/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的导热性能研究

采用HotDisk热分析仪测试了Cu/石蜡体系在不同纳米颗粒质量分数、温度和热循环次数下的导热系数。研究表明,Cu/石蜡体系的固、液态导热系数随纳米Cu颗粒含量的增加呈非线性增加;温度变化对相变材料导热系数的影响并不明显,但当温度升高至相变温度区间时,相变材料的导热系数急剧增加;复合材料在经历100次热循环后,材料的导热系数值仍较稳定。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.