对硝基苯甲酸催化酯化研究进展

综述了对硝基苯甲酸催化酯化的研究情况，重点介绍了直接酯化法催化剂的进展，包括酸催化剂和非酸催化剂。认为固体超强酸催化活性高，使用寿命长，易与产物分离，不腐蚀设备，无环境污染；相转移催化剂应用较多，酯化收率较高。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成邻硝基苯甲酸正丁酯

对甲苯磺酸作为正丁醇和邻硝基苯甲酸的酯化催化剂,性能优于硫酸。探讨并找到了较好的反应条件,酯化率可达９３．５８％     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成硝基卡因的研究

对硝基苯甲酸和N，N-二乙基乙醇胺在二甲苯溶液中，以直接酯化法合成硝基卡因。通过对催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应时间等影响因素的考察，确定以钛酸四丁酯作为催化剂，催化剂用量为对硝基苯甲酸质量的3．5％，n(对硝基苯甲酸)：n(N，N-二乙基乙醇胺)=1：1，反应14h。硝基卡因的产率达到82．1％，比没有催化剂时产率提高11．8％。     

微波辐射下阳离子交换树脂催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

以对硝基苯甲酸和乙醇为原料,H-732强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,在微波辐射条件下合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯,探讨了微波功率、醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对产品产率的影响。结果表明,H-732强酸性阳离子交换树脂在微波辐射条件下对酯化反应有良好的催化能力;醇酸摩尔比为3∶1,催化剂用量为对硝基苯甲酸质量的20%,反应时间15 min,微波功率为250 W时,对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的产率最高为87.45%,催化剂可以重复使用,再生后催化性能保持良好。     

对硝基苯甲酸乙酯合成研究

为优化对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的合成工艺,考察了5种不同类型的催化剂对其收率及其纯度的影响,发现以硫酸氢钾为催化剂时收率最高,并对影响产率的诸因素进行了考察,得出最佳反应条件为:对硝基苯甲酸0.015mol,催化剂用量0.40 g,醇酸摩尔比4:1,反应温度84～85℃,反应时间2.5 h,酯化反应产率高达99.53%.     

增塑剂对硝基苯甲酸异辛酯合成新工艺

以对硝基苯甲酸和异辛醇为原料,采用颗粒状活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂合成对硝基苯甲酸异辛酯,设计了四因素、三水平的正交实验,考察了影响反应的各种因素。实验结果表明,酯化反应的最佳条件:对硝基苯甲酸∶异辛醇=1∶2、催化剂用量为反应物酸质量的1.0%、回流温度、反应时间6 h,反应原料酸质量为0.10 mol时,带水剂甲苯40 mL,产率可达95.5%。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的研究

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,合成了对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。对影响产率的诸因素进行了考察,其最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比4∶1,催化剂用量为醇酸总量9%,反应时间2.5h,反应温度81℃～85℃,酯化反应产率高达95.8%。     

TiO2／SO4^2——Al2O3催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的研究

以复合固体超强酸为催化剂,合成了对硝基苯甲酸乙酯,通过正交试验,考察了原料配比,催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响,确定了酯化最佳条件：酸／醇比1：5,反应时间2h,催化剂用量为反应物质量的4％,该条件下,产物收率达97.6％。     

有机锡羧酸酯的合成及催化性能

制备了二苯基锡二对硝基苯甲酸酯，并用红外光谱、核磁共振测试技术，对其进行表征，同时将其作为催化剂用于合成氯乙酸正丁酯。研究结果表明二苯基锡对硝基苯甲酸酯具有良好的催化性能，酯化率为94．4％-97．0％，并可重复使用。     

硫酸氢钾催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

以硫酸氢钾为催化荆,合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯,并对影响产率的诸因素进行了考察.其最佳反应条件为:对硝基苯甲酸0.015 mol、醇/酸物质的量比4:1、催化剂用量0.4 g、反应时间2.5 h、反应温度78～80℃,酯化反应产率高达99.49%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.