共聚法制备高分子聚丙烯酰胺的研究

以氧化还原引发体系为主,配合其它引发剂组成新型复合引发体系。在低温条件下采用水溶液聚合法引发丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸共聚工艺路线制备高分子量聚丙烯酰胺。考查各项因素对聚合反应的影响,最终确定最优化工艺条件：单体浓度0．0035mol／g,氧化还原引发剂14mg／L,EDTA10mg／L,偶氮35mg／L,体系温度0℃,pH值7．0,聚合物分子量为1．943×10^7。     

环戊二烯钠／甲苯体系引发丙烯腈聚合反应研究

文章以环戊二烯钠为引发剂,对丙烯腈在甲苯中的聚合反应进行了研究,考察了引发剂用量、单体浓度、反应时间及反应温度对丙烯腈聚合的影响,并且用粘度法对聚合产物的粘均分子量进行了表征。发现环戊二烯钠／甲苯体系对丙烯腈聚合反应具有较高的引发活性。随着引发剂用量增加,聚合反应转化率增大,聚合产物的分子量下降;延长反应时间,转化率和分子量都增大;发现在0℃和引发剂与单体摩尔比为1／200时,聚合反应的转化率及聚合物产物粘均分子量均较高。     

低温氧化还原引发体系的PU/MMA-BA超浓乳液共聚合

以十二烷基硫酸钠和十六烷醇为复合乳化体系，过硫酸铵／亚硫酸氢钠为氧化还原引发体系，在低温下引发PU／MMA-BA超浓乳液共聚合。研究了复合乳化剂质量浓度、氧化还原引发剂质量浓度、内相比、聚合温度等因素对聚合稳定性和聚合速率的影响，观察了聚合物胶乳粒子的形态，并测试了聚合物胶乳粒子粒径及其分布。结果表明，最佳聚合工艺是PU预聚体中-NCO／-OH(质量比)为1．5～2．0，PU／MMA-BA(质量比)为l／4～l／3，复合乳化剂质量浓度为0．06～0．15g／mL，氧化还原引发剂质量浓度为0．025g／mL，氧化剂／还原剂(摩尔比)为1／0．830～1／0．710，内相比为0．80，聚合温度为20～40℃；聚合反应5h后，单体转化率超过90％，制得了粒径为200nm左右、分散度为0．100～0．400的PU／MMA-RA脑乳粒子。     

氧化还原引发木薯淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚的研究

以木薯淀粉和丙烯酰胺为原料,采用氧化还原引发体系合成淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物,研究了温度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度以及反应时间对聚合反应的影响。结果表明：采用氧化还原引发剂可以使聚合反应低温快速进行。实验最佳条件：反应温度为40℃,引发剂浓度为4mmol／L,单体质量浓度为85mg／mL,反应时间为3h。     

氧化还原引发乳液聚合单体水溶性与动力学之间的关系

本文研究了以过硫酸钾／焦亚硫酸钠为氧化还原引发体系，在苯乙烯、醋酸乙烯酯为具体单体的乳液聚合中，单体水溶性与动力学之间的关系。通过实验考察了聚合温度、搅拌速率、电解质浓度对聚合反应转化率～时间关系的影响，并讨论了单体水溶性、自由基水相反应和聚合速率等之间的内在联系。同时得出该氧化还原引发下苯乙烯和醋酸乙烯酯体系的表观活化能分别为４７．０６ｋｊ／ｍｏｌ和约７０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。     

羟基偶氮酯引发剂合成双端羟基聚苯乙烯

以偶氮二异丁腈 ,乙二醇为原料合成双 ( 2 -羟乙基 ) 2 ,2′ -偶氮二异丁酸酯。将其作为引发剂 ,合成了遥爪型羟端基聚苯乙烯 ,其分子量为 3 .0× 10 3～ 6 .5× 10 3。讨论了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、聚合反应温度及反应时间对聚合转化率和产物分子量的影响。结果表明 ,聚合转化率和产物分子量随着单体浓度的增加而增加 ;而引发剂浓度增加 ,则聚合转化率明显提高 ,分子量却随之下降 ;温度升高 ,聚合转化率增加 ,产物分子量下降 ;而反应时间主要影响聚合转化率 ,对分子量影响不大。     

茚基钠/甲苯体系引发丙烯腈聚合的研究

本文采用茚基钠作为引发剂,对丙烯腈在甲苯中的聚合进行了研究,考察了引发剂用量、单体浓度、反应时间及反应温度对丙烯腈聚合的影响。发现茚基钠/甲苯体系对丙烯腈聚合反应具有一定的引发活性,且随着引发剂用量增加聚合反应转化率增大,聚合产物的分子量下降;延长聚合反应时间,转化率和分子量都增大;温度对聚合反应转化率影响不大,但对聚合产物分子量有明显影响。用粘度法对聚合产物的粘均分子量进行了表征。     

淀粉接枝型高分子絮凝剂的合成

用硝酸铵作引发剂,研究了淀粉－丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物高分子絮凝剂制备的工艺条件。实验结果表明,影响接枝聚合后反应的最佳工艺条件为：硝酸胺浓度１．０＊１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,单体丙烯酰胺浓度１．４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,聚合反应温度５０℃,聚合反应时间３ｈ。同时,还探讨了淀粉接枝聚合反应的机理。     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的单体均聚及染料废水脱色性能研究

采用系统的单因素试验方法，先后对引发剂添加方式、反应时间、单体浓度、引发剂用量、聚合反应温度、pH值、单体纯度等影响单体聚合的因素进行了较为详细的研究，获得了各参数的最佳组合条件。采用此工艺条件实验室聚合出特性粘度高达270mL／g的聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵，并对其进行染料脱色性能试验，活性染料脱色率高达80％以上。     

低分子量聚丙烯酸钠的合成及其在陶瓷中的应用

本文用溶液聚合法，以丙烯酸作为单体，过硫酸钠为引发剂，异丙醇为链转移剂，合成分子量范围在2000-3000的聚丙烯酸钠，得出合成低分子量聚丙烯酸钠的最佳工艺参数。即单体浓度(占去离子水)97．2％，链转移剂浓度234．3％，引发剂用量3．10g，聚合温度90℃，聚合时间3～5h；并把合成的低分子量聚丙烯酸钠用作陶瓷减水剂，结果表明：低分子量的聚丙烯酸钠能大大改善陶瓷泥浆的流动性，而且其解凝范围比较宽，在用量为0．6％时达到最佳减水效果。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。