对空气式静电放电的研究

为改善空气放电模拟方法,用静电放电模拟测试装置研究了IEC标准规定的空气式静电放电的放电特性。通过手动方式使充电后的放电电极快速靠近电流靶获得空气静电放电事件,放电电压具有2~20 kV较宽范围的电压电平和正负电压极性。利用Agilent数字存储示波器测量了空气静电放电放电电流的上升时间、峰值以及耦合到自制的金属半圆环上的峰-峰值电压,并记录了放电电流和耦合电压的波形。通过分析和比较测量结果研究了测量参数随放电电平的变化趋势。空气放电电流的特性与静电放电抗扰度试验标准IEC 61000-4-2对接触式放电的规定类似,耦合电压与放电电压之间没有直接的相关性。实验表明在一定电压范围、电极速度可控时可能获得空气放电的重复性。     

Sparks in a small gap between HV spherical metal electrode andcorona-charged organic film

Sparks between a spherical metal electrode and corona-charged organic film were studied in air at room temperature. dc and impulse high voltages (HV) were applied to the spherical metal electrode, the polarity of which was opposite to that of the charge on the film. The maximum surface voltage of the corona-charged film was ±2 kV. The gap length was studied in the range 0.2 to 2.5 mm. Films of PTFE, PP, PS and PET of thickness 30 to 50 μm, were tested. In the case of negatively charged films, the electric field strength depended on the film material; the spark field strength decreased in the following order: PTFE⩾PP>PS⩾PET. The dependence of spark field strength on the material of negatively charged film was observed under both dc and impulse voltage applications. In the case of the positively charged films, the spark field strength showed less dependence on the film material. The experimental results are explained in terms of the degree of electron emission from negatively charged PTFE being higher than that from negatively charged PET     

Fast electrostatic discharges between a charged thin dielectricfilm and a spherical electrode with or without dielectric coating

Short-gap (less than 1 mm) electrostatic discharge (ESD) between a charged thin dielectric film on an earthed-plate electrode and a spherical electrode, connected to the plate, with or without an uncharged thin dielectric film coating was observed. Discharge-current waveform, discharge gap length, current rise time, discharging photograph, and current peak value were recorded by the authors' measuring system. The initial charge supply effects by irradiation of β-ray or ultraviolet light were found to be not highly apparent; that is, the reproducibility of ESD experiments was not greatly improved. Surface-charge-polarity dependence of surface ESD between charged and uncharged dielectric films decreases with increase of the film thickness. The discharge gap length of ESD with a 1.5 μm uncharged film coating on the spherical electrode decrease to 50 or 70% compared with that between a charged film and a bare spherical metal electrode. Peak current and transferred charge value of ESD also decrease to roughly one-third of that between the film and the spherical electrode     

500kV交流输电线路下金属体尺寸对暂态电击水平的影响研究

人体接触处于高压输电线下的金属体时,会发生暂态电击。采用有限元软件ANSYS建立简化人体模型和金属体模型,计算其感应电压、感应电场,在Simulink搭建接地人体接触对地绝缘的悬浮金属体及对地绝缘的人体接触接地体的仿真模型。通过分析感应电压、放电能量及放电电荷量等参量随金属体尺寸的变化规律,从而得到不同尺寸金属体对人体电击效应的影响。结果表明,当金属体在垂直导线方向尺寸不变时,其感应电压基本不变,此时,若直接接地人体接触金属体,放电电荷量和放电能量随平行导线方向尺寸增大而线性上升,而对地绝缘人体接触接地体,放电电荷量和放电能量则随平行导线方向尺寸增大线性下降。     

空气静电放电若干特性分析

针对国际电工委员会标准IEC61000-4-2静电放电抗扰度试验方法存在的问题,对影响空气静电放电的一个重要因素-电弧结构进行了讨论。在此基础上,利用新研制的静电放电模拟测试系统,分析了接近速度和放电电压对放电电流峰值、上升时间、感应电压峰—峰值以及试验结果重复性的影响。试验结果表明:放电电压一定时,放电电流峰值、感应电压峰-峰值随接近速度的增大而增大;上升时间随接近速度的增大而减小;在一定的接近速度和放电电压下,空气静电放电也可以实现较好的重复性。这些规律性的试验结果,为建立静电放电抗扰度试验新方法提供了依据。     

空气式静电放电抗扰度试验方法

静电放电(electrostatic discharge,ESD)抗扰度试验作为电磁兼容(EMC)试验的一项重要内容,其执行标准IEC 61000-4-2还存在诸多问题,尤其是空气式ESD的重复性问题。为此,基于动能-势能转换原理,采用导轨带动电极运动结构和步进电机装置,用近似单摆结构的试验方法,设计和研制了2种新的ESD抗扰度试验平台,实现了空气式ESD抗扰度试验中对放电电极接近速度的准确控制。利用这2种ESD抗扰度试验平台对空气式ESD的重复性进行了研究。试验结果表明,ESD参数如放电电流峰值、接近速度和放电电压具有很好的规律性,并且在一定的放电电压和接近速度下,空气式ESD也可以具有较好的重复性。在相同放电电压和接近速度下,利用第2种ESD抗扰度试验平台得到的放电电流峰值和上升时间的变异系数均小于利用第1种ESD抗扰度试验平台得到的放电电流峰值和上升时间的变异系数,因此第2种单摆式ESD抗扰度试验平台的重复性要好于第1种ESD抗扰度试验平台的重复性。     

多针电极结构双极电晕放电伏安特性

为提高电晕放电的能量密度和放电稳定性,提出了针阵列电极结构的双极电晕放电方式并研究了多针电极结构双极电晕放电的伏安特性。实验得出放电电流I随针尖半径a和电极间距d的增大而减小,随相邻针尖间距s的增大而增大,但当s≥40 mm时,相邻针尖的相互作用已很小,I几乎不变;d对火花击穿电压的影响较大,a对其的影响较小。由于电极结构的对称性,高压电极的极性对放电无明显的影响,正负电晕放电的伏安曲线和火花击穿电压均较为接近。将多针电极双极电晕放电电流I等效成电极间距为d/2的多针对板正、负电晕放电电流I1和I2相加,分析了I>I1+I2的原因,并推知其电离区内电子密度也有相应规律。     

Effect of Discharge Electrode Parameters on the Flow Velocity Profile of the Wire?rod Type Electrohydrodynamic Gas Pump Exit

Experimental investigation has been conducted to study the effects of corona wire diameter, pipe length, and corona polarity on outlet flow velocity distribution profile of a wire-rod type electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pump. Upon applying negative or positive dc high voltage between a wire electrode (outer diameter (o.d.) 60 μm, 200 μm, or 300 μm) and a rod electrode (o.d. 3 mm) in atmospheric air, corona discharge occurs and EHD gas flow is generated in the direction from the wire electrode to the rod electrode through a cylindrical pipe (inner diameter (i.d.) 20 mm). For both polarities, the discharge current and average flow velocity increase monotonically on increasing the applied voltage before the onset of spark discharge. Using wire electrodes with a smaller diameter, stable corona discharge between corona onset and spark onset is generated in a wider voltage range, and the discharge current becomes larger, resulting in a higher flow velocity. The maximum average flow velocity of 2.0 m/s, corresponding to a flow rate of 38 l/min, was achieved with a wire of diameter 60 μm by applying a voltage of ?16 kV.     

空气条件下介质阻挡放电影响因素的研究

为了解决低气压等离子体用于工业生产时存在真空系统昂贵和难以实现试品的批量处理等缺点,采用环氧树脂和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)作为介质阻挡放电(DBD)的阻挡介质,探讨了在不同放电间距d(2-5 mm)、气压p(10-100 kPa)和外施电压U下的放电特性。结果表明,PTFE为阻挡介质,d≤3 mm时,在大气压下可利用DBD的形式产生辉光放电,当d>4 mm时,则不能得到稳定的DBD;在不同气压下,DBD稳定放电对应的电压区间范围在d为3 mm时最大;次大气压下辉光放电的特征较大气压下更明显,辉光放电更易获得,稳定放电的电压区间也更大。     

空气式静电放电的实验分析

针对国际电工委员会标准IEC 61000-4-2静电放电抗扰度试验方法存在的问题,对空气式静电放电进行实验研究.利用新型静电放电(ESD)模拟测试系统,在较宽范围的电压电平下,用数字存储示波器对放电电流的上升时间、峰值、自制金属半圆环天线上的耦合电压峰一峰值进行测量.测量结果的分析表明:不同空气湿度下的ESD特性存在着...     

Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud

Electrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001     

并联电容器组中电容器击穿的特征分析与仿真研究

并联电容器组是交流电力系统输配电环节的主要无功补偿装置,在变电站中普遍采用10 kV框架式高压并联电力电容器组。实际运行中,电容器内部元件击穿的故障是电容器组故障比例最高的。以常用的10 kV并联电容器为研究对象,分析了电容器组在运行过程中内部元件击穿一串、二串情况的击穿放电量,故障相电容器的电压暂态变化量,并估计了放电电流的峰值。在EMTP仿真软件中建立了电容器的击穿模型,计算并分析了击穿元件的等效电路参数对放电电流峰值的影响:电阻值越大,则击穿峰值电流越小,随着电阻值的增加,击穿电流峰值下降减缓。最后,将仿真分析与电容器击穿的故障记录进行对比分析,验证了理论分析的正确性和仿真的有效性,为电容器击穿的实时监测和快速定位提供参考。     

A Case Study of Problems in JEDEC HBM ESD Test Standard

There is a current need for modification of EIA/JEDEC Human-Body model (HBM) electrostatic discharge (ESD) test standard, which does not define start and step test voltages. In the current standard, some measurements start at several kilovolts, which ignore the fact that ESD protection devices may fail under low voltage stresses. In this paper, a grounded-gate structure with an n-well ballast resistor connecting its drain and PAD is investigated for HBM ESD sustaining levels. When tested with a Zapmaster starting from 1 kV, the withstand voltage exceeds 8 kV, whereas the structure failed at 350 V when the test starts from 50 V. The test results from a transmission-line-pulsing system validate the phenomenon. The reason for the failure is also studied and confirmed with optical-beam-induced resistor change system failure analysis results. To address this general issue, a suggestion for improving the present HBM ESD testing standards for industry applications is made.      

基于模拟试验的SF6电气设备低能量放电形式的特征气体

和电弧放电释放的能量相比,火花放电和电晕放电能量较低.对于低能量的放电,在其造成严重危害前,有必要对其类型和状态做出判断.笔者归纳前人对于SF6在不同放电类型下的分解机理,设计模拟试验,使用针板电极和板电极上放有金属碎屑的球板电极分别模拟电晕放电和火花放电,通过分析气体分解产物的类型和体积分数,提出使用S2OF1o的增...     

Calculation of magnetic near field generated by the contact discharge of an ESD gun

An ESD (electrostatic discharge) testing is specified in the IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the detailed waveform of the discharge current injected by an ESD gun is prescribed. However, due to lack of understanding of the discharge process, it is difficult to confirm whether or not the IEC current waveform can be injected onto actual equipment. We thus previously proposed an equivalent circuit model for the ESD gun based on its geometrical structure, and showed decisive factors for the discharge current. In this study, in order to confirm the feasibility of the above equivalent circuit model, we measured with a 6‐GHz wide‐band digital oscilloscope the discharge current through an SMA connector and the resultant magnetic near field for the contact discharge of an ESD gun. As a result, we found that both measured waveforms approximately agree with those calculated from our equivalent circuit model. We then measured with respect to charge voltages the magnetic near fields for the contact discharge of the ESD gun to the ground, which revealed that the measured waveform around the first peak is in fair agreement with the calculated one. Furthermore, we found that the magnetic field peak increases with increasing charge voltage, whose dependence can be predicted from our equivalent model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(1): 17–24, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20194     

固定间隙的空气式静电放电

为更好地研究空气式静电放电,利用新型ESD模拟测试系统研究了固定间隙的空气式静电放电特性。在较宽范围的电压电平下,用数字存储示波器测量放电电流的上升时间、峰值、自制金属半圆环上的耦合电压峰-峰值,并记录了放电电流和耦合电压的波形。分析测量结果及其与放电电压和放电间隙之间的变化关系,可知在一定的间隙间距上,放电电流随着放电电压的增大而增大,高压放电也能产生上升沿比较陡的电流脉冲;在一定的放电电压下,存在着一个放电间隙间距使得放电电流峰值最大或耦合电压最大;不同电压下的频谱分布和能量分布不一样。     

大气压氩等离子体射流的放电特性

为了深入地理解大气压等离子体射流放电机理和优化其放电效率,通过对大气压氩等离子体射流的电压电流波形和Lissajous图形等电气特性的测量及发射光谱和发光图像等光学特性诊断,研究了外电极距石英玻璃管口不同距离时,氩等离子体射流放电的放电特性和演变规律。计算放电功率、传输电荷量、电子激发温度、分子振动温度和分子转动温度等主要放电参量后,研究了它们随外加电压增加的变化趋势,并结合放电机理对所得实验结果进行了分析。结果表明,氩等离子体射流主要产生的粒子有OH、N2、Ar和少量的O,随着外电极位置的不同,气体温度在317～395K之间变化,为典型的低温等离子体;外电极位置影响放电模式和放电起始电压,在氩射流阶段,电子激发温度在不同外电极位置条件下相差不大。当外电极距离管口40mm时,外加电压幅值达8kV时,放电功率和传输电荷最大,放电效果和发光强度也最强,由Penning效应产生的OH谱线强度也最强,因此,用于聚合物材料表面改性等应用时,可以采用此运行参数,以达到更好处理效果。     

预嵌锂石墨材料制备超级电容器性能试验研究

制备变电站超级电容器的正极为活性炭,负极为预嵌锂石墨,通过恒流充放电、交流阻抗谱、循环伏安等方法对所制备电容器的电化学性能进行测试。通过与传统双电层电容器相比较可发现,制备的超级电容器所具备的电化学性能较好,其工作电压从2.2 V升至3.8 V,且能量为传统双电层电容器的3.58倍;当以200 m A/g的电流在2.0~3.8 V下循环2 000次时,其放电电容的保持率可高达97.8%。     

水中脉冲电晕放电的声学特性研究

为研究水中脉冲电晕放电的声学特性,由水听器测量了放电产生的压力信号,在以放电电极为圆心、电极到水听器的距离为半径的球面对压力信号积分,得到放电的声能和放电的声效率;利用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)得到同轴电极下电晕放电的频谱分布;比较尖—尖电极下电弧放电晕放电的频谱发现电晕放电声信号的主频比电弧放电的高。     

GIS局部放电特高频信号特征的研究

为了研究GIS（全封闭气体绝缘组合电器）设备内部各种不同类型局放故障的特高频信号特征,利用实际的110kVGIS母线段建立了一套GIS局部放电试验平台,并在试验平台上进行了高压尖端、地电位尖端、盆式绝缘子表面金属颗粒、悬浮电位放电和绝缘子内部缺陷等几类典型缺陷模型的局放试验,获取了不同缺陷的图谱资料。试验结果表明,依据特高频信号的特征,可以对不同类型缺陷进行区分。