GH3230合金M23C6型碳化物的析出行为

研究了固溶态GH3230合金在800~1100 ℃时效不同时间下的碳化物析出行为。结果表明:GH3230合金固溶态组织主要为γ相+初生粒状碳化物M₆C+少量晶界粒状碳化物M₂₃C₆。试验合金在800~1100 ℃短时时效后,晶界和晶内析出的碳化物主要为M₂₃C₆型。其中晶界粒状M₂₃C₆型碳化物有沿着晶内长大的倾向,并逐渐变成胞状碳化物。在同一时效温度下,晶内碳化物析出数量会随着时效时间的增加而增加,此后会逐渐回溶,回溶开始的时间会随着时效温度的提高而逐渐提前。     

310S耐热不锈钢高温长期时效过程中的组织演变

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线能谱、显微硬度计和X射线衍射仪研究了310S耐热不锈钢在950 ℃下50~3000 h长时间时效后的显微组织。结果表明,时效后主要析出了碳化物Cr₂₃C₆和σ相两种析出相,时效过程中碳化物Cr₂₃C₆先于σ相析出;随时效时间的延长,碳化物数量先增加然后减少,σ相含量一直在增加。     

T/P92钢的时效组织与性能

采用时效拉伸试验、OM、SEM、TEM对耐热钢T/P92在650℃下时效不同时间后的组织与性能进行了分析。结果表明,随着时效时间的延长,力学性能主要呈下降趋势,组织中碳化物析出数量增加、尺寸略长大,碳化物类型主要为M23C6;马氏体板条的基体组织形貌在长期时效后开始分解。     

时效时间对S30432钢组织的影响

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜研究了S30432钢在650 ℃不同时效时间处理后的微观组织演变。结果表明,未经时效的S30432钢组织为均匀奥氏体,晶内有很多未溶的大片状一次Nb（C,N）和细小的二次Nb（C,N）,M₂₃C₆型合金碳化物极少;300 h时效后组织出现明显回复过程,有少量的富铜相和M₂₃C₆型碳化物的析出;时效1000 h后,富铜相和M₂₃C₆碳化物数量急剧增加,M₂₃C₆颗粒逐渐长大并呈链状分布。随时效时间延长,孪晶逐渐消失。TEM照片显示,随着时效时间的延长,富铜相颗粒长大,并和M₂₃C₆相、孪晶一起阻碍位错运动,提高了S30432钢的高温性能。     

时效处理对P92钢组织及硬度的影响

对经淬火+回火后的P92钢进行650 ℃不同时间时效处理。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对淬火和不同时间时效处理试样进行组织及析出相观察及分析;采用洛氏硬度计对其进行硬度测试。结果表明,P92钢淬火组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体+M₂₃C₆+MC。经不同时间时效处理后的基体组织均为回火托氏体,同时存在有M₃C、MC、M₂₃C₆等碳化物。时效150 h时Laves相开始析出,且随着时效时间延长,析出物尺寸增大,P92钢的硬度不断降低。时效初始硬度约为24 HRC,时效250 h后硬度约为20 HRC。     

固溶后冷却方式对Inconel X-750合金组织和性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM、EDAX和相分析等分析手段,研究Inconel X-750合金固溶后不同冷却方式下组织和性能的变化。结果显示:水冷和油冷抑制合金中γ′相的析出,时效后均析出球形的γ′相。炉冷后合金中析出一次立方体形γ′相和二次球形γ′相,时效后再次析出球形γ′相;水冷和油冷后晶界上无碳化物析出,时效后晶界上均析出细小针状M₂₃C₆。炉冷后合金晶界上析出块状M₂₃C₆,时效后碳化物尺寸略微长大,形状基本不变;炉冷+时效后合金的强度最高,水冷+时效后合金的冲击性能最好。     

时效对Fe基合金激光重熔层组织和性能的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和电化学工作站等,对比分析了Fe基合金原始热喷焊层、在500 ℃经不同时间时效处理后激光重熔层的组织和性能。结果表明,火焰喷涂后的热喷焊层组织较粗大,经激光重熔后组织明显细化,由较细小的树枝晶间均匀分布着层片状共晶组织构成;随时效时间的增加,重熔层中距离共晶组织较近的柱状晶球化,基体中Cr₇C₃、Cr₂₃C₆型碳化物进一步析出,弥散分布在枝晶间层片状共晶组织上;时效6 h所获得的激光重熔层组织硬度最大,可达507 HV0.5,随时效时间继续增加,硬度有所下降,但仍高于未经时效处理时的激光重熔层组织硬度;热喷焊层经激光重熔,耐腐蚀能力显著提高到最强,时效6 h的激光重熔层耐腐蚀性降低不明显,时效48 h的激光重熔层的耐腐蚀性则明显降低。     

K439B铸造高温合金800℃长期时效组织与性能演变

对K439B合金开展800℃、3000 h长期时效,研究合金显微组织及力学性能的演变,分析室温拉伸及815℃、379 MPa持久性能的变形机制。结果表明：热处理态K439B合金中的γ’相呈球状,晶界存在MC及M₂₃C₆ 2种碳化物,而枝晶间仅存在MC碳化物。在800℃长期时效过程中,γ’相的粗化遵循Ostwald熟化机制且形貌趋于立方化,γ′相粗化速率为71.7 nm³/h;晶界和枝晶间MC碳化物发生退化,M₂₃C₆碳化物析出含量逐渐增加。时效3000 h后晶界γ’相与M₂₃C₆碳化物存在■的位向关系。热处理态合金的室温抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1159.0和911.5 MPa,815℃、379 MPa持久寿命为150.4 h。长期时效后γ’相尺寸增加使得位错的运动方式由以位错在基体中滑移为主向位错切入γ′相为主转变,γ′相中出现了更多的堆垛层错,合金室温拉伸强度和815℃、379 MPa持久寿命均降低。     

固溶时效对节镍型高氮奥氏体不锈钢组织的影响

对热轧态节镍型高氮奥氏体不锈钢进行固溶及时效处理,利用光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射,结合相图系统分析该材料固溶处理及时效后组织变化规律。结果表明,1050 ℃固溶处理后,试验钢基体为奥氏体,存在少量的铁素体,奥氏体晶粒形状偏等轴,晶粒内部存在大量孪晶。时效后,析出相主要为Cr₂N、CrN、Cr₂₃C₆。在时效时间为5 h不变的条件下,温度由650 ℃升高至800 ℃,碳化物及氮化物数量呈现先增长后降低的趋势,在750 ℃时数量最多。而在750 ℃时效5~10 h范围内,随着时效时间的增加,析出相数量变化不大。析出相的析出过程为:先在晶界交叉处析出胞状析出物,随时间的延长,在晶界逐渐析出条状析出物,在晶内开始出现并逐渐长大,最终形成类珠光体的片层状析出。     

时效时间对固溶态及冷变形态钴基合金显微组织和力学性能影响

对固溶态及冷变形态的两种钴基合金L605、L605Mo进行600℃不同时间的时效处理,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及力学性能测试等方法研究时效时间对合金显微组织与力学性能的影响,并分析了冷变形及Mo元素对时效行为的影响。结果表明：经过冷变形的合金经600℃时效后,强度、硬度提高,塑性韧性下降;而固溶态合金经时效后,力学性能变化不明显,其中,抗拉强度最高的合金为时效12 h的s25-13合金。时效初期碳化物析出及层错形成使合金强度提高,但随着时效时间的延长,冷变形形成的具有强化作用的变形带在时效过程中退化会使合金强度减小。M₆C含量随时效时间延长而不断增加,冷变形促进M₂₃C₆及M₆C析出使合金的时效强化效果更加显著。Mo能降低层错能,促进时效过程中M₂₃C₆、M₆C和层错的形成以及层错的交割,从而提高合金的强度。因此,添加Mo的合金经时效处理后强度、硬度均高于未添加Mo的合金。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.