城市区域供水管网背景漏失控制研究

阐述了城市供水管网漏失控制科学分区方法，提出了管网分区计量管理分区方案以及减压阀最优调度方案，通过实现城市供水管网压力最优化控制，从而降低爆管事故发生率，降低供水管网背景漏失，为供水企业的安全供水提供了可靠的技术支持。     

管网漏水原因及对策

供水企业是城市中的水神,而供水管网是血脉,和谐社会应以保护水资源,提高供水服务为己任,管网漏失问题不仅关系到企业的经济效益,同时也直接影响到城市发展的步伐,水资源的利用和居民的日常生活,如何使供水企业摆脱产销差造成困境,应该是每一个供水人应该思考的问题。     

刍议尚志市城市供水管网减少漏失的措施

水资源是基础性的自然资源、战略性的经济资源和公共性的社会资源,是人类生存和发展不可替代的控制性环境要素,是经济社会可持续发展的基础。城市供水管网漏失是城市水量损失的关键,根据工作中的实际经验,对城市供水管网中的明漏、暗漏进行分析,提出减少漏失的办法。     

城市供水管网漏水原因及控制措施

供水管网是城市供水系统的重要组成部分,被人们誉为城市的“大动脉”,而城市供水管网系统在其运行过程中,由于各种无法预测甚至无法控制因素的影响,不可避免地会受到一定程度的损坏,造成部分自来水漏失。如何运用技术和管理的手段,控制管网漏损,有效地控制漏失,提高供水效率,降低供水企业的给水成本,是我们必须要认真研究的课题。     

供水终端管网高灵敏度在线检漏技术

供水管网漏失问题是社会关注的热点问题,目前已有的管网检漏技术都是针对干线管道或支线管网而研发,不适用于终端管网,充分考虑供水终端管网的运行特点后,首次提出了一种定量计算与定性判断相结合,大漏失与微小漏失联合监控,单点可扩网络化,技术可行且经济可行的终端管网止漏失技术,并进行了止漏失仪研制及现场测试,可有效防止自来水漏失,减少因管网漏失造成的直接经济损失,防范漏失引发的各种次生灾害。在供水终端管网在线检漏技术的基础上,结合物联网技术进一步开展供水终端管网水能高效开发利用技术研究、供水终端管网水质在线检测技术研究,以及供水终端管网运行状态在线监控及预警系统开发,进而全面推进供水终端管网智慧化建设。     

基于高维多目标优化的供水管网背景漏失控制优化模型

针对城市供水管网普遍存在的背景漏失问题,提出了控制背景漏失的高维多目标优化模型。介绍了同时考虑成本、背景漏失量、可靠性和水质指标的高维漏控模型,以及求解该模型的优化算法。结果表明:相比于只考虑成本和背景漏失量的低维多目标优化模型,高维模型有助于揭示成本、漏失量、可靠性和管网水质4个目标之间复杂的权衡关系。盲目降低漏失量会给管网可靠性和水质状况带来不利影响。该方法能为决策者提供更全面的分析结果,从而制定综合效益更优的背景漏失控制方案。     

北安市供水管网漏水原因及控制措施

自来水漏失是所有供水企业面临的共同问题,有效地控制漏失,使其在合理损耗之内,是降低成本的一个重要因素.文章具体分析了几种漏损产生的原因,并提出了控制供水管网漏失的措施.     

农村饮水安全工程供水水量漏失问题分析及对策

供水管网渗漏是农村饮水安全工程水量损失的主要因素,供水管网漏失不仅对供水企业造成了经济损失,也造成了水资源的巨大浪费。导致供水渗漏的原因很多,本文通过对农村饮水安全工程运行过程中供水管网水量漏失原因进行分析,提出针对工程管理过程中水量漏失问题的对策,以保障工程正常运行。     

鞍山市管网漏失模型研究

为解决供水企业自来水管网陋耗严重的问题,有效节水保护水资源,开展鞍山市管网漏失模型研究,以解决鞍山市自来水管网漏失问题,保障供水安全。     

基于WaterGEMS的供水管网建模及爆管分析研究

利用WaterGEMS建模软件及某市高新区自来水公司收集到相关数据,研究分析城市供水管网爆管事故,利用黄金分割法研究漏失水量,通过建模与计算机技术相结合进行动态分析,比较建立管网微观模型能够较好预测出供水管网发生爆管事故位置及漏失水量。     

Strategies for urban drought risk management: a comparison of 10 large cities

Sustainable development of cities requires robust water supply systems, yet many cities need to resort to ad hoc measures when faced with a drought. This article aims to explore how cities can do better in reducing the risk of water shortage due to drought. To that end, a classification of drought measures in urban water supply systems is proposed, and then applied to 10 cities that recently faced a drought. We find that these cities used a relatively limited number and variety of measures. The classification can help cities evaluate different types of measures for reducing long-term water stress and limit the impact of extreme droughts.     

皖北地区供水安全综合评价

从供水条件及潜力、实际供水保障、生态环境保障和抗风险能力四个方面,建立了适用于皖北地区供水安全评价指标体系,利用基于模糊层次分析法(FAHP)的层次模糊综合评价模型评价了皖北地区享阳、宿州、淮北、淮南、件埠、毫州六市的供水安全现状。结果表明,皖北地区供水安全现状总体处于一般和较不安全之间的水平,且抗风险能力最为薄弱。6市供水安全程度排序依次为淮南、件埠、毫州、宿州、淮北和享阳,其中享阳市为供水最不安全,并根据各市水资源状况提出安全供水方案。     

Semi-centralised supply and treatment systems for (fast growing) urban areas.

Mega cities with rapid growth are challenged by two main problems concerning water supply and sanitation. One is water scarcity because local demand exceeds local supply. The other is that the infrastructure for water supply and the collection and treatment of wastewater cannot keep up with the rapid growth of the mega cities. The transfer of conventional centralised water and wastewater systems from industrialised countries to mega cities does not seem appropriate, because of the rapid and almost unpredictable growth in mega cities on the one hand and the regional shortage of water which requires an economical use and reuse wherever possible on the other hand. The transition from centralised to semi-centralised supply and treatment systems (SESATS) may be one method of resolution to the grave discrepancy between the rapid growth of cities and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. One important aspect of planning semi-centralised wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure including intra-urban water reuse is the assessment of the optimal size. Therefore, factors and indicators, which have an effect on the scale of semi-centralised sanitation systems, have to be developed. Beside the introduction in SESATS some of these factors, criteria and indicators and their effects on the system's scale will be introduced in this paper.     

我国城市供水水源地水质状况分析

水利部于 1997年开展了我国湖泊水库型城市供水水源地的水质普查工作。通过普查 ,初步摸清了这类供水水源地的水质状况、纳污情况和存在的主要问题 ,指出管理工作对水源地水质保护具有重要意义     

河南省典型枯水年水资源脆弱性评价及贡献因子识别

水资源脆弱性评价是水安全的重要度量方式,水资源安全是区域可持续发展的基础。以河南省18个市区为研究单元,从自然条件、社会经济、供用耗水等3个子系统选取指标建立评价体系,运用熵权法、线性加权法求解其典型枯水年水资源脆弱性,从城市、区域、全省角度分析水资源子系统指数、脆弱性指数,并采用贡献度模型识别了水资源脆弱性主要贡献因子,以期为河南省水资源管理提供科学依据。结果表明:（1）整体上看,3个子系统水资源脆弱性指数大小排序为自然条件>供用耗水>社会经济;城市和区域的水资源子系统指数、脆弱性指数存在一定的差异,且有自西南向东北逐渐增大的趋势;全省水资源为Ⅲ级中等脆弱性。（2）18个市区及全省水资源脆弱性3个子系统贡献度排序为自然条件>供用耗水>社会经济;水资源脆弱性的主要贡献因子集中在自然条件子系统的4个指标。此外,社会经济子系统中的亩均化肥折纯量和供用耗水子系统中的人均综合用水量、亩均灌溉用水量也是主要贡献因子。最后,提出“多渠道供水,提高供水侧能力”“合理扩张城镇、优化人口经济结构,提高城市水平”“提高用水效率,节约用水”的差异化“降脆”策略,以实现水资源可持续发展。     

21世纪中国水资源危机

分析国内外水资源的现状、中国水资源危机及走向 2 1世纪存在的主要水问题 .说明中国属于世界上贫水的国家之一 ,人均拥有量只占世界平均水平的 2 5% ,在 6 6 8座城市中有 4 0 0余座缺水 .进入 2 1世纪 ,中国的水资源矛盾将进一步加剧 ,洪灾、干旱、断流、水污染、水土流失等问题将继续存在 .中国必须进行大规模国土整治 ,逆转恶化的水生态环境 ,合理开发、利用、保护水资源 .     

Influence of Intermittent and Continuous Modes of Water Supply on Domestic Water Consumption

In developing countries, water distribution systems are designed for continuous water supply (CWS) with peak factor between 2.0 and 3.0. While in practice, water is supplied for restricted hours in the morning and evening hours for various reasons. One of the assumption is that under intermittent water supply (IWS), water consumption in residential areas is less compared to CWS. A study was conducted in four Indian cities to evaluate influence of IWS and CWS on domestic water consumption. The selected water distribution system (WDS) represents specific situation in each city. Water consumption data was repeatedly collected through water meter readings in all the cities. The same WDS was switched over to CWS for few months with prior information to the residents. Water consumption was again measured under CWS mode of operation. Statistical analysis of water consumption was done for all the four cities under both modes of operation. The study indicates that domestic water consumption depends on adequacy of water supply, under IWS mode of operation. Water consumption do not change appreciably under CWS, if consumers water demand is satisfied under IWS.     

Sustaining Urban Water Supplies in India: Increasing Role of Large Reservoirs

Urban water demand is rapidly growing in India due to high growth in urban population and rapid industrialization. Meeting this demand is a big challenge for the urban planners in India. Incidentally, the large urban areas are experiencing faster growth in population, and most of them are in arid and semi arid regions, which are naturally water-scarce. As a result, water supplies from local water resources including aquifers are falling far short of the high and concentrated demands in most urban areas. Under such situations, these large cities have to rely on distant large reservoirs. The analysis of 302 urban centers shows that cities with larger population size have much higher level of dependence on surface water sources. Also, greater the share of surface water in the city water supplies, higher was the level of per capita water supply. Multiple regression models are estimated for Class I cities and Class II towns in India. The results show that Population Elasticity of Water Supply (PEWS) change with time and space—for Class I cities it was 1.127 in 1988, whereas that with respect to 1999 population is 1.289. It also shows that Class I cities have better water supply (PEWS is 1.127 in 1988 and 1.289 in 1999) than Class II towns (PEWS is 0.396 in 1988 and 0.675 in 1999). Given the structure and pattern of urban population growth, economic conditions and water demands, large reservoirs will have a much bigger role in meeting urban water supply needs.     

黑龙江省城市饮水安全形势分析

在研究黑龙江省主要城市水资源条件扣开发利用状况的基础上，结合各城市人口发展预测，从人均水资源量和现状水质两方面评价黑龙江省主要城市饮水安全状况，全面考虑各城市水量、水质及供水工程等因素，综合分析各城市的饮水安全形势。     

南水北调中线在线调蓄工程分析

南水北调中线工程已经开工建设,但作为跨流域长距离调水的特大型工程,因沿线没有调蓄工程,对沿线众多用水户的供水安全将极为不利.从地理位置和水位高程关系看,选用瀑河水库将是南水北调中线上理想的在线调蓄工程,尤其对于集中收水的北京、天津两大用水户提高供水保证率,增加用水安全性是十分重要的举措.