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1.
Round-Trip Prototyping Based on Integrated Functional and User Interface Requirements Specifications
Requirements engineering in the new millennium is facing an increasing diversity of computerised devices comprising an increasing
diversity of interaction styles for an increasing diversity of user groups. Thus the incorporation of user interface requirements
into software requirements specifications becomes more and more mandatory. Validating these requirements specifications with
hand-made, throw-away prototypes is not only expensive, but also bears the danger that validation results are not accurately
fed back into the requirements specification. In this paper, we propose an enhancement of the requirements specification method
SCORES for an explicit capturing of user interface requirements. The advantages of the approach are threefold. First, the
user interface requirements specification is UML-compliant and integrated into the functional requirements specification.
Second, prototypes for validation purposes can semi-automatically be generated. Third, the model-based generation of prototypes
allows for ‘round-trip prototyping’ such that manual changes of the prototype during the validation process are automatically
fed back into the requirements specification. 相似文献
2.
In this paper, we present some of the results from our ongoing research work in the area of ‘agent support’ for electronic
commerce, particularly at the user interface level. Our goal is to provide intelligent agents to assist both the consumers
and the vendors in an electronic shopping environment. Users with a wide variety of different needs are expected to use the
electronic shopping application and their expectations about the interface could vary a lot. Traditional studies of user interface
technology have shown the existence of a ‘gap’ between what the user interface actually lets the users do and the users’ expectations.
Agent technology, in the form of personalized user interface agents, can help to narrow this gap. Such agents can be used
to give a personalized service to the user by knowing the user’s preferences. By doing so, they can assist in the various
stages of the users’ shopping process, provide tailored product recommendations by filtering information on behalf of their
users and reduce the information overload. From a vendor’s perspective, a software sales agent could be used for price negotiation
with the consumer. Such agents would give the flexibility offered by negotiation without the burden of having to provide human
presence to an online store to handle such negotiations.
Published online: 25 July 2001 相似文献
3.
A Multi-Model View of Process Modelling 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
4.
Requirements Engineering-Based Conceptual Modelling 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
The software production process involves a set of phases where a clear relationship and smooth transitions between them should
be introduced. In this paper, a requirements engineering-based conceptual modelling approach is introduced as a way to improve
the quality of the software production process. The aim of this approach is to provide a set of techniques and methods to
capture software requirements and to provide a way to move from requirements to a conceptual schema in a traceable way. The
approach combines a framework for requirements engineering (TRADE) and a graphical object-oriented method for conceptual modelling
and code generation (OO-Method). The intended improvement of the software production process is accomplished by providing
a precise methodological guidance to go from the user requirements (represented through the use of the appropriate TRADE techniques)
to the conceptual schema that properly represents them (according to the conceptual constructs provided by the OO-Method).
Additionally, as the OO-Method provides full model-based code generation features, this combination minimises the time dedicated
to obtaining the final software product. 相似文献
5.
6.
Paola Carrara Daniela Fogli Giuseppe Fresta Piero Mussio 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2002,1(4):288-304
This paper proposes a new effective strategy for designing and implementing interactive systems overcoming culture, skill
and situation hurdles in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). The strategy to identify and reduce these hurdles is developed
in the framework of a methodology based on a recently introduced model of HCI, and exploits the technological innovations
of XML (Extensible Markup Language). HCI is modelled as a cyclic process in which the user and the interactive system communicate
by materializing and interpreting a sequence of messages. The interaction process is formalized by specifying both the physical
message appearance and the computational aspect of the interaction. This formalization allows the adoption of notation traditionally
adopted by users in their workplaces as the starting point of the interactive system design. In this way, the human–system
interaction language takes into account the users’ culture. Moreover, the methodology permits user representatives to build
a hierarchy of systems progressively adapted to users’ situations, skills and habits, according to the work organization in
the domain considered. The strategy is proved to be effective by describing how to implement it using BANCO (Browsing Adaptive
Network for Changing user Operativity), a feasibility prototype based on XML, which allows the hierarchy implementation and
system adaptations. Several examples from an environmental case under study are used throughout the paper to illustrate the
methodology and the effectiveness of the technology adopted.
Published online: 4 June 2002 相似文献
7.
David J. Carmichael Judy Kay Bob Kummerfeld 《User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction》2005,15(3-4):197-234
This paper describes the use of an accretion-resolution user modelling representation to model people, places and objects.
We explain the motivation for the key properties of the representation, especially those of particular importance for ubiquitous
computing: firstly, for flexibility in interpreting the typically noisy and potentially conflicting evidence about users’
locations; secondly, to support users in scrutinising their user model, the processes that determine its contents and the
way that it is used in the ubiquitous computing environment.
A novel and important aspect of this work is our extension of the representation beyond modelling just users, using it also
to represent the other elements such as devices, sensors, rooms and buildings. We illustrate our approach in terms of models
we have been building for a system which enables users to gain personalised information about the sensors and services in
a ubiquitous computing environment. We report experiments on the scalability and the management of inconsistency in modelling
of location, based on accretion-resolution 相似文献
8.
Kristiina Jokinen 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2006,4(4):374-392
This article describes the User Model component of AthosMail, a speech-based interactive e-mail application developed in the context of the EU project DUMAS. The focus is on the system’s adaptive capabilities and user expertise modelling, exemplified through the User Model parameters dealing with initiative and explicitness of the system responses. The purpose of the conducted research was to investigate how the users could interact with a system in a more natural way, and the two aspects that mainly influence the system’s interaction capabilities, and thus the naturalness of the dialogue as a whole, are considered to be the dialogue control and the amount of information provided to the user. The User Model produces recommendations of the system’s appropriate reaction depending on the user’s observed competence level, monitored and computed on the basis of the user’s interaction with the system. The article also discusses methods for the evaluation of adaptive user models and presents results from the AthosMail evaluation.The research was done while the author was affiliated with the University of Art and Design Helsinki as the scientific coordinator of the DUMAS project. 相似文献
9.
With over thirty million individuals with disabilities being reported in the United States, and with information systems permeating
nearly every aspect of society, there is a growing urgency to ensure that everyone has equal access to technology. To render
information technologies universally accessible, researchers must have at their disposal an accurate and reliable user model.
Through the use of the conceptual framework presented here, accurate assumptions can be generated from knowledge of an individual’s
impairments, and functional abilities to influence the creation of a user profile. Ultimately, user profiles serve as a vital
attribute of user models applied to the design of technology in an effort to achieve universal access.
Published online: 18 May 2001 相似文献
10.
In this paper we describe the fundamental principles that guide our work process at 5050 Ltd, in developing concepts and
prototypes for personal technology devices. We maintain that in designing personal devices it is critical to address the social
interaction elements of the user experience. We introduce the term “social functionality” to refer to those aspects of a device
that are specifically designed to elicit sociability and serendipity. It also refers to those aspects which enable users to
communicate or represent individuating characteristics through the use of their device. Social functionality is seen as a
critical success factor in the design of future personal devices. Introducing social functionality in personal technology
devices requires a multidisciplinary approach. Design and technology are seen as inseparable elements of the development process.
The mbracelet1, a wearable prototype we developed for, and in association with, NCR’s The Knowledge Lab, is used as a case in point. 相似文献
11.
This paper looks from an ethnographic viewpoint at the case of two information systems in a multinational engineering consultancy.
It proposes using the rich findings from ethnographic analysis during requirements discovery. The paper shows how context
– organisational and social – can be taken into account during an information system development process. Socio-technical
approaches are holistic in nature and provide opportunities to produce information systems utilising social science insights,
computer science technical competence and psychological approaches. These approaches provide fact-finding methods that are
appropriate to system participants’ and organisational stakeholders’ needs.
The paper recommends a method of modelling that results in a computerised information system data model that reflects the
conflicting and competing data and multiple perspectives of participants and stakeholders, and that improves interactivity
and conflict management. 相似文献
12.
This paper discusses an approach of establishing system models of users’ task related characteristics, such as domain knowledge
in human-computer interaction. Several neural networks are tested for the modelling process. These networks function as associative
memories that capture the causal relationships among assumptions about the users’ characteristics. The outputs from the networks
are considered as stereotypes assigned to individual users. It is suggested that this approach can be expected to overcome
some limitations of user modelling approaches in terms of pattern recognition and classification. 相似文献
13.
A major contributor to the failure of information technology-based systems is the problem of understanding user or customer
requirements in the initial analysis and requirements identification stage of development. This paper identifies and describes
an approach to help overcome some of these problems, particularly the mismatch or understanding gap between the customer and
the developer. The approach is intended to be used at the early stages of requirement determination and introduces techniques
from operational research into the process. In particular set theory and Venn diagrams are used as a way of graphically representing
the relationships and gaps in understanding that may exist. The benefit obtained from the use of the technique is partly in
the graphical representations themselves but mainly in the dialogue and negotiation that result from the construction of the
diagrams. The technique has been developed in a research study of retail organisations’ use of information technology in the
UK and an example case study from the sector is used to illustrate and discuss the technique. 相似文献
14.
The elicitation or communication of user requirements comprises an early and critical but highly error-prone stage in system
development. Socially oriented methodologies provide more support for user involvement in design than the rigidity of more
traditional methods, facilitating the degree of user–designer communication and the ‘capture’ of requirements. A more emergent
and collaborative view of requirements elicitation and communication is required to encompass the user, contextual and organisational
factors. From this accompanying literature in communication issues in requirements elicitation, a four-dimensional framework
is outlined and used to appraise comparatively four different methodologies seeking to promote a closer working relationship
between users and designers. The facilitation of communication between users and designers is subject to discussion of the
ways in which communicative activities can be ‘optimised’ for successful requirements gathering, by making recommendations
based on the four dimensions to provide fruitful considerations for system designers. 相似文献
15.
16.
User and Concept Studies as Tools in Developing Mobile Communication Services for the Elderly 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Mikkonen S. Va¨yrynen V. Ikonen M. O. Heikkila¨ 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2002,6(2):113-124
The basis of this study was the ageing of the population all over the world. The study concentrated on finding out the key
service needs of elderly people. The service needs from the end users’ as well as the experts’ perspective were gathered by
means of various group methods such ideation sessions. Four mobile communication service concepts were created using these
groups’ opinions. After diverse communication, these concepts were tested by the elderly. The research methods comprised a
user study and a concept study.
Based on the results, the needs could be prioritised. Additionally, the main trend of the results confirmed the opinions
presented in the literature. One important finding was the positive opinions about additional value of wireless devices and
services. This knowledge can be used in mobile communication product development. Most of the elderly are ready to accept
new forms of mobile communication service. Ease of use and actual need of the services are important criteria. The elderly
are ready to begin using the services as long as they truly facilitate independent living. 相似文献
17.
Display Design of Process Systems Based on Functional Modelling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The prevalent way to present information in industrial computer displays is by using piping and instrumentation diagrams.
Such interfaces have sometimes resulted in difficulties for operators because they are not sufficient to fulfil their needs.
A systematic way that supports interface design therefore has to be considered. In the new design framework, two questions
must be answered. Firstly, a modelling method is required to describe a process system. Such a modelling method can define
the information content that must be displayed in interfaces. Secondly, how to communicate this information to operators efficiently
must be considered. This will provide a basis for determining the visual forms that the information should take. This study
discusses interface design of human–machine systems from these two points of view. Based on other scholars’ work, a comprehensive
set of functional primitives is summarised as a basis to build a functional model of process systems. A library of geometrical
presentations for these primitives is then developed. To support effective interface design, the concept of ‘functional macro’
is introduced and a way to map functional model to interface display is illustrated by applying several principles. To make
our ideas clear, a central heating system is taken as an example and its functional model is constructed. Based on the functional
model, the information to be displayed is determined. Several functional macros are then found in the model and their corresponding
displays are constructed. Finally, by using the library of geometrical presentations for functional primitives and functional
macros, the display hierarchy of the central heating system is developed. Reusability of functional primitives makes it possible
to use the methodology to support interface design of different process systems. 相似文献
18.
S. Arbanowski S. van der Meer S. Steglich R. Popescu-Zeletin 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2001,5(1):34-37
In the last few years, a variety of concepts for service integration and corresponding systems have been developed. On the
one hand, they aim for the interworking and integration of classical telecommunications and data communications services.
On the other, they are focusing on universal service access from a variety of end-user systems. Many of the technical problems,
resulting from the service integration, and service personalisation have been solved during the last years. However, all these
systems are driven by the concept of providing several technologies to users by keeping the peculiarity of each service.
Looking at humans’ communication behaviour and their communication space, it is obvious that human beings interact habitually
in a set of contexts with their environment. The individual information preferences and needs, persons to interact with, and
the set of devices controlled by each individual define their personal communication space. Following this view, a new approach
is to build communication systems not on the basis of specific technologies, but on the analysis of the individual communication
spaces. The result is a communication system adapted to the demands of each individual (I-centric). The communication system
will act on behalf of users’ demands, reflecting recent actions to enable profiling and self-adaptation to contexts and situations.
In this paper, we introduce I-centric Communications, an approach to design communication systems that adapt themselves to
the individual communication space and individual environment and situation. In this context “I” means I, or individual, “Centric”
means adaptable to I requirements and a certain user environment. 相似文献
19.
Ezio Berenci Claudio Carpineto Vittorio Giannini Stefano Mizzaro 《International Journal on Digital Libraries》2000,3(3):249-260
We present an approach to increasing the effectiveness of ranked-output retrieval systems that relies on graphical display
and user manipulation of “views” of retrieval results, where a view is the subset of retrieved documents that contain a specified
subset of query terms. This approach has been implemented in a system named VIEWER (VIEwing WEb Results), acting as an interface
to available search engines. An experimental evaluation of the performance of VIEWER in contrast to AltaVista is the major
focus of the paper. We first report the results of an experiment on single, short query searches where VIEWER, used as an
interactive ranking system, markedly outperformed AltaVista. We then concentrate on a more realistic searching scenario, involving
free query formulation, unconstrained selection of retrieval results, and possibility of query reformulation. We report the
results of an experiment where the use of VIEWER, compared to AltaVista, seemed to shift the user effort from inspection to
evaluation of results, increasing retrieval effectiveness, and user satisfaction. In particular, we found that the VIEWER
users retrieved half as many nonrelevant documents as the AltaVista users while retrieving a comparable number of relevant
documents.
Published online: 22 September 2000 相似文献
20.
Registration of technical drawings and calibrated images for industrial augmented reality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Despite tremendous progress in 3D modelling technology, most sites in traditional industries do not have a computer model
of their facilities at their disposal. In these industries, 2D technical drawings are typically the most commonly used documents.
In many cases, a database of fully calibrated and oriented photogrammetric images of parts of the plant is also available.
These images are often used for metric measurement and 3D as-built modelling. For planning revamps and maintenance, it is
necessary to use industrial drawings as well as images and 3D models represented in a common “world” coordinate system. This
paper proposes a method for full integration of technical drawings, calibrated images and as-built 3D models. A new algorithm
is developed in order to use only a few correspondences between points on a technical drawing and multiple images to estimate
a metric planar transformation between the drawing and the world coordinate system. The paper describes the mathematical relationship
between this transformation and the set of homographies needed for merging the technical drawing with all the calibrated images.
The method is implemented and fully integrated into an industrial software we developed for 3D as-built reconstruction. We
present examples of a real application, in which the method is successfully applied to create an augmented reality representation
of a waste water plant.
Accepted: 13 August 2001 相似文献