利用旋风分离方法捕集柴油机微粒的研究

本研究为寻求一种结构简单、性能稳定、价格低廉、不用再生的尾气净化技术，利用旋风分离方法对柴油机微粒进行了捕集实验研究。研究中发现：微粒经过凝聚器后，其粒径分布发生变化，有３０％～４０％左右的微粒凝聚，这对于旋风捕集是十分有利的。初步研究表明：影响捕集效率的因素十分复杂，在多种工况下的捕集效率为２５％～４９％，且中高转速捕集效率较高。     

柴油机排气微粒静电旋风捕集器的试验研究

摘要作者研制了一种柴油机排气微粒静电旋风捕集器,并在柴油机试验台架上对其性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,此装置成功地把静电除尘与旋风清灰两过程结合起来,在获得较高的捕集效率(70～90%)的同时,自动实现连续清灰.捕集器对排气的阻力只有0.5kPa～3kPa.     

柴油机微粒捕集技术研究进展

微粒捕集技术的应用可以应对日益严格的排放法规,是柴油机发展的必然趋势。介绍了当前正在研究和应用中的柴油机微粒捕集技术,包括蜂窝陶瓷、泡沫陶瓷、编织纤维、多孔金属、静电旋风及其它相关捕集技术,并对有关新方法和新装置作了简单介绍。     

多管静电旋风捕集器的研究

为满足大多数柴油机排气流量的要求,必须扩大单管静电旋风捕集器所能处理的排气流量。在研究了用于柴油机的静电旋风捕集器的清灰方案之后,分析了多种结构方案,确立了多个单管静电旋风捕集器并联的方案,并设计制造了多管并联的静电旋风捕集器。试验结果表明,该多管静电旋风捕集器具有高捕集效率、低排气背压、大流量及可有效清灰等特点。     

连续再生颗粒捕集器对燃用生物柴油的柴油机颗粒物以及多环芳香烃的影响研究

为探究降低柴油机微粒及多环芳香烃的有效排放控制措施,在一台燃用生物柴油的增压多缸柴油机上应用连续再生微粒捕集器系统,研究了柴油机燃用生物柴油及采用连续再生微粒捕集器系统后对柴油机微粒和多环芳香烃排放的影响。研究结果显示:柴油机微粒排放呈现核态与聚集态形式并且粒子粒径呈现多峰值化特征,燃用生物柴油对核态微粒粒径浓度影响不大,而聚集态微粒排放则有着较为明显的下降趋势,采用连续再生颗粒捕集器后最大下降幅度达到94.6%。柴油机微粒排放中核态粒子浓度占60%以上,燃用生物柴油后该值进一步提升,在试验工况下最大可达到95%。连续可再生微粒捕集器对聚集态粒子捕集效率高,最高可达到96%,试验用柴油机使用生物柴油后,由于核态颗粒数量浓度的提升致使捕集器系统效率有所下降。燃用生物柴油可有效降低绝大部分的多环芳香烃的排放,但测试结果显示:和苯芘蒽排放不降反升,与连续可再生微粒捕集器系统结合,能让菲、芘、苯芘等6种物质排放下降幅度更大。     

燃油催化微粒捕集器微粒捕集与强制再生特性的研究

采用燃油催化再生微粒捕集器,对某排量为7.7 L柴油机的排放微粒进行捕集与强制再生。试验结果表明:在低排温工况下,随着微粒捕集器内微粒不断增加,微粒捕集器两端压差随捕集时间增加呈线性提高。燃油中加入的铁基催化剂可以降低碳粒燃烧的温度,增加微粒捕集器的微粒储备能力,并能够有效再生。当燃油中无添加剂时,在特定工况下发动机运行19.5 h后,微粒捕集器的两端压差达到10 kPa,而有添加剂时则可延长到23.5 h。在排气温度为530℃的强制再生工况下,燃油中有添加剂,约需6 min可全部强制再生累积的微粒,而无添加剂则约用时14 min,且有添加剂时强制再生程度较高。微粒捕集器经500 h耐久试验后,在有添加剂情况下其两端压差达到15 kPa,发动机需在微粒累积工况下运转23 h,无添加剂需要18.5 h。按ESC排放测试,微粒捕集器对微粒的过滤效率达到80%以上,微粒排放为0.017 g/(kW.h),试验结果还发现微粒捕集器对CO、HC及NOx的排放没有影响。     

一种提高径向式微粒捕集器捕集效率的方法

基于气固两相流理论与多孔介质理论对径向式微粒捕集器进行了三维稳态气固两相流数值模拟分析,获得了微粒捕集器内部流体流动特性,发现在径向式微粒捕集器前端和下半部过滤体利用率低。为了解决这个问题,采用分流装置,安装于捕集器内部,并通过两相流数值模拟的方法,对比分析了分流器安装前后捕集器内部流体流动特性和捕集效果。结果表明:加入盘型分流器后,微粒捕集器内部的流动均匀性增强,过滤体的利用率提高,径向式微粒捕集器的捕集效率也有所提高。加入所提出的隔板分流器后,微粒捕集器内部的流动和捕集效率均优于盘型分流器。     

利用高温静电旋风捕集器捕集柴油机排气微粒

采用高温绝缘材料制作绝缘子,并重新设计了绝缘子结构,优化了电极参数,结果表明,该静电旋风捕集器能在较高温度下保持良好的性能,但高温下静电旋风捕集器的捕集效率要低于低温下的效率。对高温和低温情况下静电旋风捕集器性能上的差异进行了分析。     

缸内直喷汽油机微粒捕集器结构参数仿真优化研究

缸内直喷汽油机混合气形成方式与柴油机类似,均在燃烧室内喷入燃油形成混合气。该特点决定了其尾气中存在相对较多的微粒。作为处理发动机尾气中微粒的一种有效方式,加装微粒捕集器可以明显降低整车微粒排放。本文结合发动机台架试验结果针对性地运用GT-POWER仿真软件对微粒捕集器结构参数进行仿真优化,分析了微粒捕集器载体孔隙率和微孔平均直径等参数对微粒捕集过程的影响。优化后的载体具有较高的微粒捕集效率,并且具有较低的排气背压。为深入研究微粒捕集器微粒捕集过程和产品设计开发奠定理论基础。     

采用低温等离子体技术降低柴油机有害排放物的研究

在分析电晕荷电特性的基础上，研制出一套低温等离子体反应器，对柴油机微粒（PM）、NOx及HC的去除进行了试验研究，并进行了不同工况下微粒捕集效率的变化试验，通过对系统进行耐久性能试验，研制出一套新颖的再生装置并进行了再生试验研究，结果表明，在发动机广泛的转速以及中低负荷下，其微粒捕集效率一般在60%-90%的范围，NOx的去除效率可达20%，HC的去除效率可达25%-30%，再生装置的使用有效地解决了电晕线的再生问题。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.