Face Attribute Convolutional Neural Network System for Data Security with Improved Crypto Biometrics

Due to the enormous usage of the internet for transmission of data over a network, security and authenticity become major risks. Major challenges encountered in biometric system are the misuse of enrolled biometric templates stored in database server. To describe these issues various algorithms are implemented to deliver better protection to biometric traits such as physical (Face, fingerprint, Ear etc.) and behavioural (Gesture, Voice, tying etc.) by means of matching and verification process. In this work, biometric security system with fuzzy extractor and convolutional neural networks using face attribute is proposed which provides different choices for supporting cryptographic processes to the confidential data. The proposed system not only offers security but also enhances the system execution by discrepancy conservation of binary templates. Here Face Attribute Convolutional Neural Network (FACNN) is used to generate binary codes from nodal points which act as a key to encrypt and decrypt the entire data for further processing. Implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the proposed system, automatically upgrades and replaces the previously stored biometric template after certain time period to reduce the risk of ageing difference while processing. Binary codes generated from face templates are used not only for cryptographic approach is also used for biometric process of enrolment and verification. Three main face data sets are taken into the evaluation to attain system performance by improving the efficiency of matching performance to verify authenticity. This system enhances the system performance by 8% matching and verification and minimizes the False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR) and Equal Error Rate (EER) by 6 times and increases the data privacy through the biometric cryptosystem by 98.2% while compared to other work.     

Embedded access points for trusted data and resources access in HPC systems

Biometric authentication systems represent a valid alternative to the conventional username–password based approach for user authentication. However, authentication systems composed of a biometric reader, a smartcard reader, and a networked workstation which perform user authentication via software algorithms have been found to be vulnerable in two areas: firstly in their communication channels between readers and workstation (communication attacks) and secondly through their processing algorithms and/or matching results overriding (replay attacks, confidentiality and integrity threats related to the stored information of the networked workstation). In this paper, a full hardware access point for HPC environments is proposed. The access point is composed of a fingerprint scanner, a smartcard reader, and a hardware core for fingerprint processing and matching. The hardware processing core can be described as a Handel-C algorithmic-like hardware programming language and prototyped via a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based board. The known indexes False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) have been used to test the prototype authentication accuracy. Experimental trials conducted on several fingerprint DBs show that the hardware prototype achieves a working point with FAR=1.07% and FRR=8.33% on a proprietary DB which was acquired via a capacitive scanner, a working point with FAR=0.66% and FRR=6.13% on a proprietary DB which was acquired via an optical scanner, and a working point with FAR=1.52% and FRR=9.64% on the official FVC2002_DB2B database. In the best case scenario (depending on fingerprint image size), the execution time of the proposed recognizer is 183.32 ms.     

基于手机触摸屏传感器多点触摸身份认证算法

针对智能手机所面临的信息安全威胁问题,提出一种基于手机触摸屏传感器的多点触摸身份认证方法。首先由触摸屏传感器采集手指滑动原始数据序列,通过平滑去噪、位置及长度归一化预处理;然后提取手势运动一阶、二阶归一化导数序列及运动方向为身份验证特征序列;最后采用模板匹配方法,使用动态时间规整算法匹配比较注册模板特征序列与测试特征序列,判断用户身份真实性。仿真结果表明,所提算法对不同用户身份认证的平均错误拒绝率和错误接受率分别为3.83%和2.07%,与使用径向基函数为核函数的支持向量分布估计(SVDE)算法相比,平均错误拒绝率和错误接受率分别降低1.81%和2.35%。经性能分析,所提算法能明显提高身份认证的准确性。     

多印痕指纹识别的数据融合技术

由于指纹图像中存在非线性变形和噪声干扰,当前的指纹识别系统不能满足某些系统要求保持很低的误接受率(FAR)的同时达到较低误拒绝率(FRR)的要求。提高识别性能的一个有效的方法是融合多个模板和多个指纹的数据融合技术。该文研究的一种多印痕指纹数据融合技术能够改善系统性能。通过实验证明了这种数据融合技术能够有效提高系统性能,可以使系统在保持低误接受率的条件下降低误拒绝率。     

基于皮肤纹理特征的高分辨率人脸图像识别

提出一种基于皮肤纹理特征的高分辨人脸图像识别算法。通过人脸轮廓提取人脸的皮肤纹理特征点,利用Gabor滤波器提取人脸关键区域的皮肤纹理特征,根据纹理区域相关性进行特征匹配。在FRGC v2.0数据库上的实验结果表明,当认假率为0.1%时,该算法的认证率可达97.8%,且使用高分辨率人脸图像可提高人脸识别的性能。     

On the false rejection ratio of face recognition based on automatic detected feature points

The authors propose a new face recognition system with an evaluation function using feature points. The feature points are detected automatically by Milborrow’s Stasm software. Before recognition, rotation compensation and size normalization are applied to the feature points. The main method is to calculate the squared error between the registered face and the input face as to length of a characteristic pair of feature points on face. The False Rejection Rate (FRR) for the registered and input face of the same person, and the False Acceptance Rate (FAR) for the registered face and a different person’s input face are evaluated. The input is a video sequence. Stable recognition is obtained with small FRR and FAR for the video of a period of 0.5 s.     

A multimodal-Siamese Neural Network (mSNN) for person verification using signatures and EEG

Signatures have long been considered to be one of the most accepted and practical means of user verification, despite being vulnerable to skilled forgers. In contrast, EEG signals have more recently been shown to be more difficult to replicate, and to provide better biometric information in response to known a stimulus. In this paper, we propose combining these two biometric traits using a multimodal Siamese Neural Network (mSNN) for improved user verification. The proposed mSNN network learns discriminative temporal and spatial features from the EEG signals using an EEG encoder and from the offline signatures using an image encoder. Features of the two encoders are fused into a common feature space for further processing. A Siamese network then employs a distance metric based on the similarity and dissimilarity of the input features to produce the verification results. The proposed model is evaluated on a dataset of 70 users, comprised of 1400 unique samples. The novel mSNN model achieves a 98.57% classification accuracy with a 99.29% True Positive Rate (TPR) and False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 2.14%, outperforming the current state-of-the-art by 12.86% (in absolute terms). This proposed network architecture may also be applicable to the fusion of other neurological data sources to build robust biometric verification or diagnostic systems with limited data size.     

基于局部奇异值检测的虹膜识别算法

虹膜识别以其唯一性、稳定性和非侵犯性等优点成为生物特征识别中极具发展潜力的身份识别技术;提出一种基于二次样条小波变换的虹膜识别算法;运用紧支撑的二次样条小波对构造的一维灰度信号进行分析,选择适当尺度上的小波变换结果进行量化,构造出二进制特征向量;采用Hamming距离进行移位匹配;最终完成虹膜识别;算法的错误接受率和错误拒绝率都比较低,能够达到较好的识别效果.     

A novel framework for automatic 3D face recognition using quality assessment

The quality of biometric samples plays an important role in biometric authentication systems because it has a direct impact on verification or identification performance. In this paper, we present a novel 3D face recognition system which performs quality assessment on input images prior to recognition. More specifically, a reject option is provided to allow the system operator to eliminate the incoming images of poor quality, e.g. failure acquisition of 3D image, exaggerated facial expressions, etc.. Furthermore, an automated approach for preprocessing is presented to reduce the number of failure cases in that stage. The experimental results show that the 3D face recognition performance is significantly improved by taking the quality of 3D facial images into account. The proposed system achieves the verification rate of 97.09% at the False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 0.1% on the FRGC v2.0 data set.     

DCT-based iris recognition

This paper presents a novel iris coding method based on differences of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of overlapped angular patches from normalized iris images. The feature extraction capabilities of the DCT are optimized on the two largest publicly available iris image data sets, 2,156 images of 308 eyes from the CASIA database and 2,955 images of 150 eyes from the Bath database. On this data, we achieve 100 percent correct recognition rate (CRR) and perfect receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves with no registered false accepts or rejects. Individual feature bit and patch position parameters are optimized for matching through a product-of-sum approach to Hamming distance calculation. For verification, a variable threshold is applied to the distance metric and the false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR) are recorded. A new worst-case metric is proposed for predicting practical system performance in the absence of matching failures, and the worst case theoretical equal error rate (EER) is predicted to be as low as 2.59 times 10^-1 available data sets     

基于力场转换理论的耳廓识别

本文提出了一种基于力场转换理论的人耳识别方法,在检测出耳廓边缘的基础上,将图像分别通过力场和能量场进行描述,利用测试点在力场中运动最终收敛至图像能量局部最小值处这一个特征,对人耳图像特征点进行定位,最终利用提取出的“势能阱”和“势能渠”实现匹配与识别,经在选用的耳廓图库上实验,错误接受率FAR为1．28％,错误拒绝率FRR为6．28％。     

Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Person Authentication Based on Touch Gesture

Touch gesture biometrics authentication system is the study of user's touching behavior on his touch device to identify him. The features traditionally used in touch gesture authentication systems are extracted using hand-crafted feature extraction approach. In this work, we investigate the ability of Deep Learning (DL) to automatically discover useful features of touch gesture and use them to authenticate the user. Four different models are investigated Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) combined with LSTM (CNN-LSTM), and CNN combined with GRU(CNN-GRU). In addition, different regularization techniques are investigated such as Activity Regularizer, Batch Normalization (BN), Dropout, and LeakyReLU. These deep networks were trained from scratch and tested using TouchAlytics and BioIdent datasets for dynamic touch authentication. The result reported in terms of authentication accuracy, False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR). The best result we have been obtained was 96.73%, 96.07% and 96.08% for training, validation and testing accuracy respectively with dynamic touch authentication system on TouchAlytics dataset with CNN-GRU DL model, while the best result of FAR and FRR obtained on TouchAlytics dataset was with CNN-LSTM were FAR was 0.0009 and FRR was 0.0530. For BioIdent dataset the best results have been obtained was 84.87%, 78.28% and 78.35% for Training, validation and testing accuracy respectively with CNN-LSTM model. The use of a learning based approach in touch authentication system has shown good results comparing with other state-of-the-art using TouchAlytics dataset.     

Radon变换在虹膜去噪中的应用

Radon变换在数学理论上有重要价值,并可用于图像直线特征的提取。本文基于Radon变换的基本原理,针对在虹膜识别中眼睑和睫毛等噪声信息的存在,提出一种运用Radon变换检测直线的方法检测眼睑并将其去除。通过在MATLAB上仿真结果表明,很好的抑制了噪声对虹膜识别的影响,可达到98.86%的识别率,并在保持1.143%较低拒绝率(FRR,false rejec-tion rate)的同时,也使误识率(FAR,false acceptance rate)减小到0%。     

基于三分类的击键序列身份认证

针对基于统计学用户击键模式识别算法识别率较低的不足，提出了一种统计学三分类主机用户身份认证算法。该方法通过对当前注册用户的击键特征与由训练样本得到的标准击键特征进行比较，将当前注册用户划分为合法用户类、怀疑类与入侵类三类,对怀疑类采用二次识别机制。 采用动态判别域值，引入了与系统安全性和友好性相关的可控参量k，由系统管理员根据实际确定。并对该算法性能进行了理论分析与实验测试，结果表明该算法在保持贝叶斯统计算法需要训练样本集规模较小、算法收敛速度快优点的基础上,识别精度高于贝叶斯统计算法，错误拒绝率(FRR)和错误通过率(FAR)分别为1.6%和1.5%。     

基于改进DTW算法的手写签名识别系统设计

在线手写签名验证是一种基于生物特征的身份认证技术。为提高签名验证的效率,该文介绍了一种改进的在线签名识别算法。它优化了传统的动态时间弯折算法结构,提出了对最佳匹配路径的动态规划方法并将其应用于在线签名识别系统中。在模板较多时对匹配距离将适当限制,从而减少了系统运算量,提高了模板匹配速率。随着待识别模板数目的增多,该算法的效率优势更加明显。试验结果表明,该改进算法的运算效率高,误拒率和误纳率较低。     

Robust 3D face recognition based on resolution invariant features

A novel resolution invariant local feature based method is proposed for 3D face recognition. Scale space extrema on shape index images and texture images are detected and matched, through which resolution and noise insensitive face matching is achieved without complex preprocessing and normalization. An outlier removal strategy is designed to eliminate incorrect matching points while keeping relevant ones. Six different scale invariant similarity measures are proposed and fused at the score level, which increases the robustness against expression variations. Systematical experiments are conducted on the FRGC v2.0 database, achieving in the neutral vs. all experiment a verification rate of 90.7% with un-normalized similarity scores, and 96.3% with normalized similarity scores at False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 0.1%, and 96.2% rank-1 identification rate, which are comparable to the state of the art, and promising considering the significantly reduced preprocessing requirement.     

手势认证中基于能量熵的端点检测方法研究

为了保证智能手机敏感信息的安全性,设计实现了一种基于手机内置三轴加速度传感器的三维手势认证方案。在手势端点检测部分,在定性分析手势加速度信号能量分布特性的基础上,提出了一种基于能量熵的新方法实现有效手势截取。进一步设计基于欧式距离的动态时间规整算法对截取后的手势序列信号进行匹配认证,当他人模仿手势错误接受率趋近0%时,本人认证手势错误拒绝率维持在7%左右,从而实现智能手机用户身份识别。     

基于迁移孪生非负矩阵分解的静脉识别算法

针对某一静脉图像数据集下获得的识别算法对于其他数据集缺少普适性的问题，提出了一种具有迁移性的孪生非负矩阵分解（NMF）模型。首先，通过采用两个结构相同且参数共享的NMF模型实现了对源数据集中带有相同标签静脉图像的有监督学习；然后，通过使用最大均值差异约束降低了不同数据集之间静脉特征的差异性，即将源数据集中的知识迁移至目标数据集中；最后，基于余弦距离实现静脉图像的匹配。实验结果表明，所提的识别算法不仅可以在源数据集下上获得较高的正确识别率，而且仅利用目标数据集中的少量静脉图像便可使得在目标数据集上的平均错误接受率（FAR）与平均错误拒绝率（FRR）分别降低至0.043与0.055。此外，所提算法平均0.56 s的识别时间可以满足识别的实时性要求。     

单芯片微小型指纹识别系统设计与实现

嵌入式指纹识别产品的推广应用一直受到成本和体积因素的制约。提出一种基于ARM7处理器芯片LPC2106为核心的单芯片嵌入式自动指纹识别系统设计方案,给出了系统组成的电路结构,运用了一种高效率的嵌入式指纹图像拼接及识别算法软件,并设计出用于改善指纹识别性能的指纹引导槽方案。结果表明,2秒内能完成20个指纹用户的识别,在认假率为十万分之一时,拒真率不超过百分之三,达到国家有关标准的要求。该产品体积小,价格只有同类产品的约三分之一,可应用于指纹门锁、指纹保险箱、指纹遥控器等领域。     

基于SIFT的说话人唇动识别

针对唇部特征提取维度过高以及对尺度空间敏感的问题,提出了一种基于尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）算法作特征提取来进行说话人身份认证的技术。首先,提出了一种简单的视频帧图片规整算法,将不同长度的唇动视频规整到同一的长度,提取出具有代表性的唇动图片;然后,提出一种在SIFT关键点的基础上,进行纹理和运动特征的提取算法,并经过主成分分析（PCA）算法的整合,最终得到具有代表性的唇动特征进行认证;最后,根据所得到的特征,提出了一种简单的分类算法。实验结果显示,和常见的局部二元模式（LBP）特征和方向梯度直方图（HOG）特征相比较,该特征提取算法的错误接受率（FAR）和错误拒绝率（FRR）表现更佳。说明整个说话人唇动特征识别算法是有效的,能够得到较为理想的结果。