3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯的合成

研究了以3,5-二羟基苯甲酸和硫酸二甲酯为原料,在氢氧化钠溶液中水相合成3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯。确定了最佳合成条件:在氮气保护下,控制pH值11～13和pH值8～9,n(3,5-二羟基苯甲酸)∶n(硫酸二甲酯)=1. 0∶3. 6,反应温度20～60～90℃,反应时间4 h,合成出3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯,收率92. 6%。产物经IR、1HNMR等进行了表征。     

对-羟基苯甲酸苄酯合成方法的改进

用对 羟基苯甲酸和氯化苄为原料 ,以二甲基亚砜 (DMSO)为溶剂 ,采用改进工艺合成对 羟基苯甲酸苄酯。结果表明 ,n(酸 )∶n(氯化苄 ) =1 0 0∶1 6 0 ,反应温度 134℃ ,反应时间 3 5h ,产率达 96 4 % ,产品质量分数 99%     

多氧取代环己基甲醇苯甲酸酯的合成及其表征

以莽草酸为原料,经酯化、丙酮叉保护顺式邻二羟基、叔丁基二甲基硅烷保护羟基、还原、羟基酯化、最后双羟基化反应,得到多氧取代环己基甲醇苯甲酸酯(1),总产率为84.1%,其结构经IR、1H NMR和HR MS确证。对双羟基化反应的条件进行了探索,优化条件为:反应时间为15h,溶剂为THF∶H2O=1∶1(V∶V),配料比为n[(3R,4R,5R)-5-叔丁基二甲基硅氧基-3,4-(丙酮叉二氧)-环己基-1-烯烃-1-甲醇苯甲酸酯(5)]∶n(N-甲基吗啉氮氧化物)∶n(OsO4)∶n(手性配体)=100∶150∶0.5∶1,产率为90.6%,e.e.值为75.1%。     

2,6-二甲氧基苯甲酸的合成

对 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸的制备方法进行了研究。经三步反应合成 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸。第一步 :以N ,N 二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF)为溶剂 ,n(间苯二酚 )∶n(碳酸钾 )∶n(二氧化碳 ) =1 0∶0 5∶1 5在 1 3MPa,1 35～ 1 37℃条件下 ,反应 1 6 5h ,使 ,经酸化制得 2 ,6 二羟基苯甲酸 ;第二步 :使n(2 ,6 二羟基苯甲酸 )∶n(硫酸二甲酯 ) =1∶3 ,在碱性条件下反应得到 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯 ;第三步 :将上步产物碱催化水解 ,酸化制得 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸。第一步反应温度较文献值1 50～ 1 80℃低 ,减少了副产物 ;使用锌粉还原脱色、乙醚萃取回收间苯二酚后处理工艺 ,提高了间苯二酚的利用率和产品收率 (2 ,6 二羟基苯甲酸收率为 52 % )。后两步反应是连续进行的 ,烷基化反应温度是 30～ 45℃ ,先滴加w (NaOH) =30 %的水溶液 ,该步反应结束之后 ,补加w(NaOH) =40 %水溶液 ,这两步反应的总收率为 92 6 %。 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸的总收率为48 1 5 %。化学法测定其质量分数为 99 1 %。     

蔗糖-6-苯甲酸酯的合成研究

采用高效液相色谱法研究二丁基氧化锡区域选择性催化合成蔗糖 6 苯甲酸酯的反应过程 ,得到第一步反应的适宜条件为 :n(蔗糖 )∶n(二丁基氧化锡 ) =1∶1,反应温度为 80～ 12 0℃ ,反应时间为 5～ 8h ;第二步反应中苯甲酸酐适宜用量为 :n(蔗糖 )∶n(苯甲酸酐 ) =1∶1。蔗糖 6 苯甲酸酯收率为 84 6 % ,产品质量分数 95 .7% ,二丁基氧化锡 98%可回收再用     

丙酮醛的合成研究

分别用丙酮和 1,2 丙二醇做原料合成了丙酮醛。n(丙酮 )∶n(溴 ) =1 0 0∶0 79,加入 3 0～4 0g氯酸钾做催化剂 ,水和冰醋酸做溶剂 ,水浴温度为 6 0～ 75℃ ,回流 4h ,制得产率为 6 3 5 %的溴丙酮。V(二甲亚砜 )∶V(溴丙酮 ) =11 9∶1 0 ,通入空气 ,在 6 5～ 70℃反应 5～ 8h ,制得产率为 5 9 6 %的丙酮醛。丙酮醛的总收率达 37 8%。n(重铬酸钾 )∶n(硫酸 )∶n(1,2 丙二醇 ) =1 0∶4 0∶(1 5～ 2 5 ) ,以水为溶剂 ,在 6 0～ 70℃间歇通入氮气 1 5h ,边加原料边蒸馏 ,制得产率为5 0 %的丙酮醛。后者为一步法 ,操作简便 ,产品纯度较高 ;产率比前法提高 12 %。     

6-乙酰氧基-4(3氢)-喹唑啉酮的合成

以2-氨基-5-羟基苯甲酸为原料,与甲酰胺环合得到6-羟基-4(3氢)-喹唑啉酮,再用乙酸酐酯化得到6-乙酰氧基-4(3氢)-喹唑啉酮。研究了每步反应的投料比和反应温度对收率、纯度的影响。结果表明,①6-羟基-4(3氢)-喹唑啉酮的最佳工艺条件为:2-氨基-5-羟基苯甲酸与甲酰胺的摩尔比是1∶15,温度160℃,反应时间4 h;②6-乙酰氧基-4(3氢)-喹唑啉酮的最佳工艺条件为:6-羟基-4(3氢)-喹唑啉酮与乙酸酐的摩尔比是1∶1.2,温度80℃,反应时间3 h;两步反应的总产率达96%,产物纯度>99.0%。     

5-羟基苯并呋喃-6-甲酸的合成研究

以2,5-二羟基苯甲酸为原料,经酯化、取代、多聚磷酸催化傅克烷基化、酯水解4步反应制备目标化合物,4步反应总收率52. 5%。其结构及中间体经1HNMR、13CNMR和ESI-MS确证。并分别对每一步影响产物收率的因素进行了研究。确定酯化条件:无水乙醇为溶剂,n(SOCl2)∶n(2,5-二羟基苯甲酸)=1. 5∶1,回流条件下反应3 h,收率为93%。取代反应条件:K2CO3为碱,n(2-溴-1,1-二甲氧基乙烷)∶n(2,5-二羟基苯甲酸乙酯)=1. 3∶1,反应在丙酮溶剂中回流12 h,5-(2,2-二甲氧基乙氧基)-2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯最高收率为78%。傅克烷基化反应条件:甲苯为溶剂,n(PPA)∶n(5-(2,2-二甲氧基乙氧基)-2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯)=0. 5∶1,反应在80℃下进行2 h,收率为77%。水解条件:甲醇/水混合溶剂,n(Na OH)∶n(5-羟基苯丙呋喃-6-甲酸乙酯)=3∶1,50℃时反应4 h,收率为94%。     

葡萄籽中活性成分提取工艺的研究

采用V (丙酮 )∶V (水 ) =2∶3和V(乙酸乙酯 )∶V(水 ) =8 5∶1 5两种溶剂体系从葡萄籽中提取活性成分。对比分析了两种体系的优劣 ,结果表明 :丙酮 -水体系提取过程复杂 ,提取率为0 2 0 %～ 0 35 % ,产物质量分数为 95 %～ 97% ,提取周期为 48h ;乙酸乙酯 -水体系选择性好 ,省去了除单宁步骤 ,使操作大为简化 ,提取率为 0 .30 %～ 0 .6 0 % ,产物质量分数为 97%～ 98% ,提取周期为 30h ,具有明显的优越性。以氯仿作沉淀剂 ,消除了叶绿素的干扰 ,提高了产物纯度。     

2,5-二甲基-4-羟基-3(2H)-呋喃酮的合成研究

以丙酮醛为原料 ,用锌粉作偶联剂 ,加入适量的氯化锂和碘化四丁基铵 ,n(CH3COCHO)∶n(Zn)∶n(HOAc) =1 0∶1 0∶1 5 ,在 2 5℃反应 1 5～ 2 0h ,可得产率为 6 1 5 %的 2 ,5 二羟基 3,4 己二酮 ;用磷酸氢二钠作缩合剂 ,用超声波加热回流 12h ,可得产率为 6 8 2 %的标题化合物 ;二步的总产率为 41 9%。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。