形成针对太湖流域三类水源的综合解决方案实现典型和新型污染物的协同控制

太湖流域是我国典型的水质缺水型地区,饮用水安全保障工作面临较大挑战。"十三五"水专项"太湖流域饮用水安全保障工程技术与综合管理技术集成研究"课题梳理了太湖流域饮用水专项实施以来的课题及关键技术,针对太湖流域水源水质特征和区域供水特征,通过水源水质评估、关键技术遴选、工艺协同优化和示范工程验证,形成了针对太湖流域三类典型水源水质特征的分类综合解决方案,实现了典型和新型污染物的协同控制,以期为太湖流域饮用水安全保障提供技术支撑,为国家饮用水安全保障战略实施提供可借鉴的方案。     

Quality of groundwater in eastern Croatia. The problem of arsenic pollution

Groundwater in the area of eastern Croatia contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, ammonia, organic substances and arsenic. The appearance of inorganic arsenic in groundwater is mainly caused by arsenic from natural geological sources. Since the groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the population in this area, almost 200,000 people are daily drinking water with arsenic concentration ranging from 10 to 610 μg/L. The Croatian legislation recently revised the maximum concentration limit (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water to 10 μg/L. The population in the two towns (Osijek and Vinkovci) of this region is supplied with groundwater processed by coagulation-filtration method, but in the other towns and villages water treatment implies only rapid sand filtration. Both methods for water treatment have resulted with higher arsenic concentration than MCL, so the main goal of this study was determination of population exposure to arsenic via drinking water and possible improvement of drinking water quality. Population exposure to arsenic via drinking water is determined with hair analysis, since the hair arsenic concentration is one of three most commonly employed biomarkers used to identify or quantify overall arsenic exposure. During this study the preliminary analyses of hair arsenic concentrations in several towns and villages in eastern Croatia were provided. The positive correlation between heightened arsenic concentration in drinking water and hair arsenic concentration was determined. In order to improve drinking water quality e.g. arsenic removal from contaminated drinking water, different modified adsorbents were used and compared (zeolite–clinoptilolite, manganese greensand and cationic exchange resin). Adsorbents were chemically modified and saturated with Fe(III) ions, while the arsenic solutions were prepared by processed groundwater.     

Development and validation of system design principles for water reuse systems

Decision support software (DSS) for Water Treatment for Reuse with Network Distribution (WTRNet) has been developed within the AQUAREC project on “Integrated Concepts for Reuse of Upgraded Wastewater”, under the Fifth European Community Framework Programme. The overall objective of work conducted as part of the AQUAREC project has been the development and validation of system design principles for water reuse systems. The DSS provides an integrated framework for optimisation of treatment and distribution aspects of water reuse and the selection of end-users, and has been used in the development of the design principles. The principle components of the software (simulation and optimisation models) are presented, followed by the discussion on the software validation. A case study is then illustrated, on which WTRNet has been applied to develop least-cost design alternatives. Design principles for water reuse systems that were achieved by applying the WTRNet tool are presented, in which the importance of utilising formal optimisation in determining the most promising design alternatives is demonstrated.     

污水处理厂优于一级A提标改造工程设计案例——以深圳某污水处理厂为例

深圳市某污水处理厂设计规模为20万m³/d,提标改造工程需将出水水质由《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B标准提升至《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的"准Ⅳ类水标准"。提标改造工程对现有生物反应池处理能力进行充分复核,根据复核结果确定了MBBR的改造方向以提高氮类污染物的去除效果。同时,增设磁混凝沉淀池+超滤膜的组合深度处理工艺进一步去除SS和TP。本工程总投资为2.84亿元,提标改造后污水厂新增单位经营成本0.57元/m³。本工程主体部分于2018年建成通水,各项出水水质指标稳定达标,重点关注指标SS、TN、NH₃-N、TP的去除率分别由改造前的96%、52%、89%、89%提高至99%、75%、98%、98%。本项目采用的设计思路和设计参数可供同类污水处理厂提标改造工程参考。     

A~2O-MBR-O_3工艺应用于城镇污水高标准处理工程

北京市新地方排放标准DB 11/890—2012《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》对新(改、扩)建污水处理厂出水提出了更高的要求。沙河再生水厂二期扩建及提标工程为达到新标准中B标准的要求,设计采用以A~2O-MBR-O_3为主的处理工艺。介绍了该工程的工艺流程、主要设计参数、设计特点、经济分析及实际运行情况。运行结果表明,该工程技术选用适宜,出水各项指标均达到设计要求。     

厌氧MBBR处理生活污水的特性研究

采用厌氧移动床生物膜反应器处理城市生活污水,研究了HRT、pH值、容积负荷、水温等对工艺运行效果的影响,并进行了厌氧MBBR与SBR联用试验及回用分析.结果表明,在HRT为4 h,进水CODCr的质量浓度为300mg/L左右,氨氮的质量浓度为15 mg/L左右,50%的填料填充率,pH值为7左右的条件下,厌氧MBBR出...     

浅谈地下水联合除铁、除锰、除砷及其原理

含铁、锰高的水带有黄色和异味,工业用水则会在产品上形成黄斑,影响质量,必须严格控制铁、锰在水中的含量。砷是人体非必须元素,单质砷的毒性较低而砷的化合物均有剧毒,减少人体对砷的摄入量非常重要。文章对地下水联合除铁、除锰、除砷及其原理进行探讨。     

Methodologies for feasibility studies related to wastewater reclamation and reuse projects

About 20% of the total surface water in Europe is strongly threatened due to pollution problems, and 60% of European cities over-exploit their groundwater resources. The European Framework Water Directive established that by the year 2015 “a good ecological state” of all European water resources and a sustainable use of water must be achieved. Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on Europe's water resources. However, wastewater reuse implementation in Europe faces obstacles that include insufficient public acceptance; technical, economic and hygienic risks; and lack of regulations. On the other hand, a very important aspect to implement a water reuse project is the feasibility study that was previously developed. Some of the work carried out in a European project called Integrated Concepts for Reuse of Upgraded Wastewater is described herein. One of the most important tasks of this project is to prepare guidelines on feasibility studies for water reuse systems. The defined structure to carry out feasibility studies and some guidelines to obtain an ecological, social and economical assessment is described.     

MIEX—DOC离子交换树脂的饮用水除砷研究

对新型阴离子交换树脂MIEX—DOC@的除砷性能进行了研究,考察了该树脂除砷容量、对三价砷[As（m）]和五价砷[As（V）]的去除能力、不同离子和水体pH值对树脂除砷[包括As（Ⅲ）和As（V）]效率的影响。结果表明,MIEX-DOC~树脂对人工配制高砷水（O．1mg·L-1）的除砷容量约为0．0051mg·mL-1;对As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的去除能力相当;常见的共存离子对树脂除砷效率有抑制或促进影响;不同pH值下,MIEX—DOC@树脂除砷效率不同,但对0．1mg·L-1的高砷水的除砷效率均达到50％以上。对农村高砷水的实地中试研究表明,当源水砷浓度约为0．1mg·L-1时,出水砷浓度低于0．05mg·L-1达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）的农村小型集中式供水和分散式供水水质指标。成本分析结果表明,采用国产MIEX-DOC净水设备的除砷效果与进口设备相当,但除砷成本较低（0．56元·t-1）,在我国农村高砷饮用水处理中有一定应用潜力。     

MIEX-DOC~离子交换树脂的饮用水除砷研究

对新型阴离子交换树脂MIEX-DOC的除砷性能进行了研究,考察了该树脂除砷容量、对三价砷[As(Ⅲ)]和五价砷[As(Ⅴ)]的去除能力、不同离子和水体pH值对树脂除砷[包括As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)]效率的影响。结果表明,MIEX-DOC树脂对人工配制高砷水(0.1mg.L-1)的除砷容量约为0.0051mg.mL-1;对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的去除能力相当;常见的共存离子对树脂除砷效率有抑制或促进影响;不同pH值下,MIEX-DOC树脂除砷效率不同,但对0.1mg.L-1的高砷水的除砷效率均达到50%以上。对农村高砷水的实地中试研究表明,当源水砷浓度约为0.1mg.L-1时,出水砷浓度低于0.05mg.L-1,达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的农村小型集中式供水和分散式供水水质指标。成本分析结果表明,采用国产MIEX-DOC净水设备的除砷效果与进口设备相当,但除砷成本较低(0.56元.t-1),在我国农村高砷饮用水处理中有一定应用潜力。     

新国标《硫酸、磷肥工业污水处理设计规范》编制浅析及探讨

介绍了新国标《硫酸、磷肥工业污水处理设计规范》的适应范围、体系结构、修订的主要内容及特点.总结了国内硫酸、磷肥工业生产污水处理的技术并指明今后发展的方向,详述了企业实施新标准的应对措施,提出实施新标准的建议.     

城市污水处理厂设计前期工作要点(二)--现场调研、方案选比、推荐方案、工程设计要点

在“城市污水处理厂设计前期工作要点——资料收集与分析”一文中评细论述的基础上,还应做好现场调研、方案选比、推荐方案、工程设计,该文特介绍这方面的工作要点。     

全地下式MBR-纳滤工艺再生水厂工程设计

北方某中心城市再生水厂设计处理规模为1.2万m3/d,污水处理采用地下式MBR-纳滤工艺,污泥处理采用带式浓缩和板框压滤脱水工艺,介绍了该再生水厂的工艺流程及设计特点,给出了主要构筑物设计参数及工程效益。工程运行结果表明,出水水质同时满足北京市地方标准DB 11/890—2012《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》的A标准和GB/T 18921—2002《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》的要求。     

温岭市东部新区北片污水处理厂工程设计方案

在温岭市东部产业集聚区的北片建成了温岭市东部新区污水处理工程—北片污水处理厂,近期处理规模为1万m3/d。采用多点进水A/A/O工艺,集约化布置,曝气采用抽吸式曝气搅拌一体机,深度处理采用微絮凝＋无阀滤池,尾水经加氯消毒后达到GB 18918—2002一级A排放标准后外排,部分回用于新区。该文介绍了该厂的处理工艺和设计参数,并对工程设计中需要考虑的问题进行了分析,总结了工程特点。     

新型无磷缓蚀阻垢剂的研究与应用

为解决循环冷却水系统排污水总磷不达标准的问题,通过旋转挂片、静态阻垢以及动态模拟试验筛选无磷缓蚀阻垢剂。动态模拟试验结果表明,浓缩倍数为4~6,pH值为8.0~8.8,ECH-310投加量为80~100mg/L,ECH-491投加量为20~25 mg/L时,在不预膜条件下碳钢试管腐蚀率为0.038 8 mm/a,不锈钢试管腐蚀率为0.002 1 mm/a,黄铜试管腐蚀率为0.002 4 mm/a,试管粘附速率为2.70 mg/(cm2·月),污垢热阻为0.278×10-4m2·K/W,全部指标均优于GB 50050—2007《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》要求。经过现场实际应用,循环冷却水系统各种监控指标均达到GB 50050—2007和中石化Q/SH 0374—2010《水处理剂复合阻垢缓蚀剂技术要求》标准,总磷排放指标完全达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放要求。     

化学法处理电镀工业园生产废水技术应用

本文介绍化学法处理电镀废水的应用实例。通过对废水中污染物去除效果的分析,说明该工艺处理电镀废水效果好,运行稳定,操作简单,适宜处理电镀工业园的生产废水。     

The Adsorption of Arsenic Ions Using Beidellite,Zeolite, and Sepiolite Clays: A Study of Kinetic,Equilibrium and Thermodynamics

Arsenic contamination in drinking water resources is a global problem; therefore, its removal from drinking water has become an important sustainable matter. The adsorption process can be more cost-effective and applicable, especially, if the absorbents used in the process are low-cost natural geo-materials. Beidellite, zeolite, and sepiolite are inexpensive and natural minerals available locally, modified, and used as adsorbents for the removal of arsenic ions from aqueous solutions in batch experiments. The kinetics of the adsorption process was separately tested for the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order reactions and intra-particle diffusion models. The rate constants of adsorption for all these kinetic models were calculated. The comparison among the models showed that the pseudo second-order model best described the adsorption kinetics. Applied to the experimental equilibrium, at different temperatures were the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm was used to calculate the adsorption capacities (Q°) of minerals for arsenic ions. The adsorption capacities of these three modified minerals, at different temperatures, ranged from 476 to 841 µg/g. Thermodynamic studies showed that the arsenic uptake reactions by minerals were endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Bottled spring water containing arsenic, sold in markets, was used to conduct the arsenic adsorption study beidellite, zeolite, and sepiolite, minerals which efficiently removed the arsenate ions from the bottled drinking water. The use of modified beidellite, zeolite, and sepiolite as adsorbents in the arsenic ion removal processes is possible, based on the optimum parameters found.     

TS-225水质稳定剂的应用

介绍了天津化工研究院国家水处理中心以TS－225为主的水稳剂在中海石油化学有限公司循环水系统的使用情况，说明用TS－225处理以低硬度腐蚀型水作为循环冷却水的处理过程及处理效果。     

From controversy to consensus: The Redwood City recycled water experience

The Redwood City Recycled Water Project faced intense local opposition from a small but determined group of citizens who objected to the use of recycled water from a public health and safety perspective, particularly in areas where children play. In response to this opposition, the City Council eventually formed a community task force and empowered them to help develop a solution to the City's water supply problem. This paper presents the evolution of the project, from its impetus through the environmental review and project approval process; the task force operations and recommendations, which the Council enthusiastically endorsed, are described. The paper concludes with the current status of the project, and lessons the City learned through the process to create a community-based, consensus-driven solution.     

Arsenic removal by coagulation and filtration: comparison of groundwaters from the United States and Bangladesh

Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a concern in many parts of the world. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency recently reduced the maximum contaminant level of arsenic in drinking water from 50 to 10 μ/L (ppb). In Bangladesh the arsenic concentration in drinking water can be as high as hundreds of parts per billion while the maximum contaminant level is 50 ppb. Consequently, there is a great need for new cost-effective methods to remove arsenic from drinking water. Here arsenic removal by coagulation and filtration was investigated using groundwater from a city in southern Colorado in the United States and from Sonargaon in Bangladesh. The results of the bench-scale experiments conducted indicate that coagulation with ferric ions followed by filtration is effective in reducing arsenic concentration in the water tested. However, the actual efficiency of removal is highly dependent on the raw water quality. Further, addition of a polyelectrolyte coagulant aid may lead to improved permeate fluxes during tangential flow microfiltration but has little effect on the residual arsenic concentration.