乙二醇基双环戊二烯基醚合成工艺研究

利用双环戊二烯(DCPD)和乙二醇(EG)为主要原料,在对甲基苯磺酸催化作用下进行醚化反应制备乙二醇基双环戊二烯基醚。采用正交试验法确定的反应条件为:n(DCPD)∶n(EG)=1∶1,对甲基苯磺酸、对苯二酚加入量分别为DCPD质量的3%、0.4%,120℃下反应6 h。在此条件下乙二醇基双环戊二烯基醚产率大于77%。     

N-甲基乙酰胺合成工艺研究

以乙酸甲酯、一甲胺为原料合成N-甲基乙酰胺,在n(乙酸甲酯)∶n(一甲胺)=1∶1.10~1.15,助剂用量为原料乙酸甲酯的20%~30%(质量分数),反应温度120~125℃,反应时间3.5~4.0h;反应压力2.0~2.5MPa,催化剂加入量占乙酸甲酯原料量0.05%~0.07%的条件下,乙酸甲酯转化率≥95%,N-甲基乙酰胺选择性≥93%。     

2，4-二氯氟苯的乙酰化工艺研究

对2,4-二氯氟苯合成氯氟苯乙酮的乙酰化工艺进行研究,并对工艺中的影响因素进行了分析和实验,确定了合理的工艺条件。最佳工艺条件为:n(2,4-二氯氟苯)∶n(乙酰氯)∶n(三氯化铝)=1∶2·0∶2·5,在110℃反应1·5h,在120℃反应1h。在此最佳工艺条件下,产品收率为80·1%。     

双环戊二烯型耐热不饱和聚酯树脂的研究

采用水解加成法合成双环戊二烯 (DCPD)型耐热不饱和聚酯树脂 ,研究了各种原料用量对产品性能的影响。当n(不饱和二元酸酐 )∶n(酯化DCPD)∶n(加成DCPD)∶n (二元醇 )为 2 0 0∶1 10∶0 10∶1 6 3时 ,获得树脂粘度低、浇铸体硬度大、固含量高、吸水率低的耐热性树脂。     

丙烯酸双环戊二烯酯的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)和双环戊二烯(DCPD)为主要原料,合成了丙烯酸双环戊二烯酯(DCPA)。采用单因素试验法探讨了催化剂含量、单体配比、反应温度和反应时间等对DCPA收率的影响,从中优选出合成DCPA的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:以磷钨酸为催化剂,并且当反应温度为70℃、反应时间为10 h、n(AA)∶n(DCPD)=1.2∶1和w(磷钨酸)=2.0%时,DCPA的收率(52.41%)相对最高。     

N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二甲基缩醛制备工艺优化

改进了N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二甲基缩醛(DMFA)的制备工艺,优化合成条件为:n(甲醇钠)∶n硫酸二甲酯)=1.2∶1、-5~5℃滴加亚胺络合物2,滴加时间2 h,-5~5℃反应2 h。在此条件下,收率由40%~70%提高至76%~80%,产品含量98%。     

山苍子油直接合成柠檬腈

用山苍子油直接同硫酸羟胺反应生成柠檬肟,再加入乙酐和相转移催化剂脱水得到柠檬腈。通过正交实验确定了柠檬肟合成的最佳工艺条件为:n(山苍子油)∶n(羟胺)=1∶1·5,pH=5·5~6·0,反应温度45~50℃,反应时间3·5h,柠檬肟的产率为90·1%。柠檬腈合成工艺为:n(柠檬肟)∶n(乙酸酐)=1∶4,反应温度125~130℃,反应时间1·0h,柠檬腈的产率为78·0%。最后用IR、UV、GC谱对产品做了分析。     

复合催化剂—酸性阳离子交换树脂/乙醇催化合成5-对羟基苯基乙内酰脲

以复合催化剂酸性阳离子交换树脂/乙醇一步催化合成5-对羟基苯基乙内酰脲,考察了醇的种类及用量、盐酸浓度、反应物摩尔比、反应温度及反应时间对产品收率的影响。优化的合成工艺为:酸性阳离子交换树脂加入量为反应物总质量的10%,乙醇加入量为40~50 mL/mol乙醛酸,盐酸浓度0.6 mol/L,n(乙醛酸)∶n(苯酚)∶n(尿素)=1∶2∶(2~2.5),反应温度90℃,反应时间5~6 h,产品收率可达70%。     

臭氧氧化法合成2,3-丁二酮

以乙醛为原料,经过缩合和氧化两步反应合成了2,3-丁二酮,在氧化反应时采用臭氧氧化工艺,优化工艺条件为:n(水)∶n(乙偶姻)∶n(乙酸)=1∶0.51∶0.007 5,臭氧氧化温度10℃,臭氧流速0.3 L·min~(-1),搅拌速度600 r·min~(-1),反应时间90 min;在上述条件下, 2,3-丁二酮收率为96.2%,工业合成试验的分离收率仍可达95.0%。采用熔点检测、 FTIR、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和质谱技术对产物结构进行了表征与确证。     

二氧化双环戊二烯的无溶剂催化合成

以磷钨杂多酸季铵盐为催化剂,过氧化氢为氧源,在添加相转移试剂形成的两相体系中催化氧化双环戊二烯(DCPD)合成了二氧化双环戊二烯(ERL-4207),考察了催化剂、络合剂、pH调节剂、反应温度及反应时间等条件对环氧化反应的影响。优化反应条件为:n(Cat)∶n(KH2PO4)=100∶25,络合剂为乙二胺四乙酸,n(Cat)∶n(DCPD)∶n(H2O2)=5.68∶1000∶2600,70%(m/m)过氧化氢为氧源,反应温度30℃,反应时间5h。在此条件下,反应物的转化率可达到99.99%,ERL-4207的选择性达到84.26%。无溶剂法合成ERL-4207是一条绿色环保的合成路线。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.